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Election of 1824

No one won a majority of electoral votes, so the election wen to the House of Representatives. Henry Clay urged his supporters in the House to vote for Adams. Jackson and his followers were furious and accused Adams and Clay of a "corrupt bargain." With the Democratic-Republicans split, the election ended the Era of Good Feelings.

Popular Democratic Culture

End of one-party dominance; new political parties emerged with mass campaigns, rallies, etc.

Andrew Jackson

The 7th President of the United States (1829-1837), who won the Battle of New Orleans in the War of 1812. As president he opposed the Second Bank of the U.S., objected to the right of individual states to nullify federal laws, ordered the removal of Natives from the South, and increased presidential powers.

Era of the Common Man

Jacksonians claimed, when they had victory in the election of 1828, that America had now entered a new and better era of democracy, one for the common man (especially landless men who could now vote).

Nullification Crisis

A sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by the Ordinance of Nullification, an attempt by the state of South Carolina to nullify a federal law - the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 - passed by the United States Congress. Jackson threatened to use force to collect taxes (Force Bill). Ended with compromise Tariff of 1833.

Second Bank of the U.S.

A national bank chartered by Congress in 1816 that President Andrew Jackson opposed. He vetoed the chartering of the bank and withdrew the government's funds.

Reasons Jackson Hated the Second Bank of the U.S.

He argued it was unconstitutional, harmful to states' rights, dangerous to liberty, and favored the wealthy.

Indian Removal Act of 1830

Passed by Congress under the Jackson administration, this act removed all Indians east of the Mississippi to "Indian Territory" in order to secure fertile land for Americans in the South, especially to expand cotton plantations.

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831) and Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

Supreme Court cases that ruled Native Americans in the South had a legal right to remain on their land. These rulings will be ignored by Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren.

Trail of Tears

The forced removal of Cherokees from the South to "Indian Territory" in what would become Oklahoma, during which at least 4,000 natives died. It was encouraged by Andrew Jackson's policies toward natives and his disregard for Supreme Court rulings which declared Natives could not be removed by force.

Whig Party

An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats. The party was led by Henry Clay and supported a strong central government, the American System economic program, reform movements, and had its supporters mostly in the North.

Henry Clay

The primary architect of the American System and leader of the Whig Party.

Democratic Party

A political party formed in the 1820s. The party was led by Andrew Jackson and supported democracy, agrarianism, and had its supporters mostly in the South and West.

Panic of 1837

Economic depression exacerbated by Andrew Jackson's economic policies, especially his killing of the Second Bank of the U.S. and refusal to accept payment for public lands with paper money (Specie Circular). Also caused by over-speculation in the purchasing of western lands.

Specie Circular (1836)

Issued by Andrew Jackson, this was meant to stop land speculation with paper money. It required public lands to be bought with hard currency (gold/silver) and ultimately led to the Panic of 1837.

Martin Van Buren

The 8th President whose one term was mired by economic depression following the Panic of 1837.

William Henry Harrison

The 9th President and first Whig President. He was known as the war hero of the Battle of Tippecanoe. He died after 31 days in office.

John Tyler

The 10th President of the United States who assumed the presidency when William Henry Harrison died. He was expelled from the Whig Party and was not well liked by the Whigs or the Democrats.

Age of Reform

From about the 1820s-1850s, an era in which the Market Revolution and Second Great Awakening led to a series of reform movements based on religion and morality (temperance, asylums, education, women's rights, abolitionism, etc.).

Second Great Awakening

A second series of religious revivals from about the 1790s-1840s. Many preachers used canals, and later railroads, to spread religious messages. It also had an effect on reform/moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and abolitionism.

Burned-Over District

Popular name for Western New York along the Erie Canal, a region particularly swept up in the religious fervor of the Second Great Awakening.

Utopianism

The goal to create an ideal society based on cooperation and economic self-sufficiency. Examples: Millerites, New Harmony, Brook Farm. Most failed.

Communitarianism

Social reform movement of the nineteenth century driven by the belief that by establishing small communities based on what the individual can provide to society. The most successful was the Mormon community.

Mormonism

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Founded by Joseph Smith, this religious movement/community would be the most successful of the Communitarian/Utopian societies that emerged during the Age of Reform.

Temperance Movement

An organized reform movement to ban alcohol; the largest organization of the Age of Reform was the American Temperance Society. Arguments to ban alcohol: immoral, husbands beat their wives, led to economic ruin in families.

Dorothea Dix

A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill.

Grimke Sisters

Nineteenth-century reformers Angelina and Sarah Grimke wrote and lectured vigorously on reform causes such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and especially the abolitionist movement.

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

Site of the first modern women's rights convention, and the start of the organized fight for women's rights in US history. At the gathering, Elizabeth Cady Stanton read a Declaration of Sentiments modeled on the Declaration of Independence listing the many injustices against women, and adopted eleven resolutions, one of which called for women's suffrage.

American Colonization Society (1816)

Organization established to end slavery gradually by helping individual slave owners liberate their slaves and then transport the freed slaves to Africa (Liberia). It was controversial and mostly failed.

Freedom's Journal (1827)

First African-American owned and operated newspaper published in the United States.

David Walker

He was a black abolitionist who called for the immediate emancipation of slaves. He wrote the "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World." It called for a bloody end to white supremacy. He believed that the only way to end slavery was for slaves to physically revolt.

William Lloyd Garrison

A prominent white American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator."

Horace Mann

Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, he was a prominent proponent of public school reform, and set the standard for public schools throughout the nation.

International Slave Trade

After this was outlawed in 1808; slaves continued to be sold and traded in the Domestic Slave Trade

Sectional Development

North: industry, urban, wealthy, abolitionism.

South: agriculture, rural, poor, slavery.

Antebellum Slavery

By 1830 slavery was primarily located in the South, where it existed in many different forms. About 2/3rds Southern whites did not own slaves; of those who did. Whites who did not own slaves were primarily yeoman farmers or poor/landless. Still, most slave and non-slaveholding white Southerners identified with and defended the institution of slavery.

Cotton Gin

A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. It led to the proliferation of cotton plantations in the South and made slavery even more "essential" to the Southern economy.

Slave Families

Marriage was not legally recognized but owners often encouraged in order to deter resistance/rebellion.

Slaves and Christianity

Many slaves converted to Christianity during the Second Great Awakening. Owners would allow to encourage docility and justify slavery.

Nat Turner's Rebellion

Rebellion in which in a slave preacher led a group of slaves through Virginia in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow and kill planter families. Turner and 40 others were executed.

Amistad (1839)

Spanish slave ship overtaken by the enslaved Africans aboard. The ship was driven ashore in Long Island and the slaves were put on trial. Former president John Quincy Adams argued their case before the Supreme Court, securing their eventual release. Most returned to Africa.

"Free" Black Americans

About 450,000 in the U.S. by 1860. Black Americans who were not enslaved. In the South most could not vote or hold office, had no right to a jury trial, could not carry firearms, and could not serve in the militia.

Slavery and Violence

Violence as a form of discipline and sexual abuse of female slaves by masters was common in the Antebellum South.

"Justifications" for Slavery

Greek/Romans and slavery in history; Bible/Religion; Economic necessity; legal (Constitution allowed).

George Fitzhugh

A social theorist who published racial and slavery-based sociological theories in the Antebellum era. He argued that African Americans need the economic and social protections of slavery. He argued slavery was beneficial to Black Americans.