Exam 2: Energy production in the cell

heterotrophs

need to consume their energy source (dont make it)

photoptrophs

harness energy from the sun as theri “food”

chemotrophs

organisms that obtain their energy from chemical reactions

where is glycolysis in the cell?

Cytoplasm

what cycles are in the mitochondrial matrix

pyruvate dehydrogenase

fatty acid oxydation

citric acid cycle

what does glycolysis breakdown

glucose into 2 pyruvate

How does insulin work?

insulin binds to insulin receptors which start a cascade that places glucose transporters at the correct location on the membrane so glucose can enter the cell.

How is glucose uptake influenced by type I diabetes?

there is no insulin so the cell is not told to place glucose transporters in the correct location of the membrane

why does the cell invest energy in glycolysis

It locks the glucose in the cell so it cannot be transported back out (conformation change); destabilized by the addition of energy bonds

Is ATP an allosteric inhibitor or promoter?

ATP is an allosteric inhibitor

why does the cell split glucose into 2 identical cells

efficiency; the cell does not need to create 2 different sets of enzymes

What is the gross production of glycolysis? what is the net production?

Gross: 4 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, 2 ADP

Net: 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 Pyruvate, 2 ADP

What goes into glycolysis?

2 NAD+, 4 ADP, Glucose

what is gluconeogenesis

the creation of glucose from molecules such as pyruvate

what in the input and output of gluconeogenesis

In: 4 ATP and 2GTP + 2 pyruvate

Out: glucose, 4 ADP, 2 GDP

how is gluconeogenesis controlled?

it is controlled by the concentration of glucose in the cell

molecules used in yeast fermentaiton

In: pyruvate, NADH, H+

Out: ethanol, NAD+, CO2

molecules used in muscle fermentation

In: pyruvate and NADH (1 pyruvate for 1 NADH)

Out: NAD+ and lactate which is converted to lactic acid

what is the evidence of endosymbiosis in mitochondria?

1. double membrane

2. they divide independent of the cell

3. their DNA is homologous to Rickettsia prokaryote

where are mitochondria located?

they are located in the areas where the energy is needed the most; they can vary in size and shape

How is pyruvate transported into the mitochondria?

The outer membrane has large porins that let in molecules; the inner membrane has pyruvate transporters (H+ coupled transporters)

what forms from the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?

1 acetyl CoA, 1 CO2, 1 NADH

Where is the NADH that is produced by pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?

In the mitochondrial matrix

what are the molecules in pyruvate dehydrogenase

In: 1 pyruvate, 1 NAD+, 1 coenzyme A

Out: 1 CO2, 1 NADH, 1 acetyl CoA

What are the products of the citric acid (krebs) cycle

CO2, NADH, GTP, FADH2

what are the molecules in the citric acid cycle?

In: 3 NAD+, 1 GDP, 2 FAD, 1 acetyl CoA

Out: 2 CO2, 3 NADH, 1 GTP, 1 FADH2

how are fatty acids activated?

acyl CoA and ATP

the molecules in fatty acid activation

In: 1 fatty acid, 1 CoA, 1 ATP

Out: 1 Acyl CoA, 1 AMP, 1 PPi

How is activated fatty acid transported into the mitochondria?

translocase removes the acyl group from the CoA and transports the molecule into the mitochondria where the CoA group is added back.

Output of beta-oxidation of fatty acids

1 NADH per round, 1 FADH2 per round UNLESS there is a double bond, acetyl CoA

How is the proton gradient made for oxidative phosphorylation?

proton pumps are used to pump protons into the mitochondria

does NADH or FADH2 move more protons?

NADH

what does the thylakoid membrane do

the 3rd membrane of chloroplasts that holds the photosynthetic machinery