CARDIOVASCULAR

Myocytes

cells inside the heart

2/3

how many part of the heart is lifted to the left

EPICARDIUM, MYOCARDIUM, ENDOCARDIUM

3 layers of the heart

Myocradium

layer of the heart that is made of striated muscles, and is responsible for the contraction of the heart

squamous epithelial cells

epicardium is made up of what cells

pericardium

the membrane that surrounds the heart which is a sac that contains pericardial fluid

10-20 ml

normal fluid in pericardial sac

pericardial fluid

it lubricates the surfaces of the heart to contract easily, also serves as the cushion of the heart

more than 20 ml

pericardial effusion is an increase in pericardial fluid more than what ml

cardiac tamponade

it is considered as emergency which is an increase in pericardial fluid that causes pressure and affects the hearts pumping

ventricles

which one is thicker ventricles or atrium, due to high workload (clue: it goes to the system)

Cardiac hypertrophy

means increase growth of heart muscles due to increase workload, which is caused by any diseases that increases heart workload such as: chronic hypertension, and stenosis

Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

this cardiac disease is caused by infiltrative diseases, where abnormal substances, cells, or protein deposits accumulate within tissues

Amyloidosis

infiltrative disease which is defined as the abnormal amyloid deposits

hemochromatosis

infiltrative diseases which defined as the excess iron deposits

Sarcoidosis

infiltrative disease which is defined as the granulomas or cluster of inflammatory cells

enzyme deficiencies

glycogen storage disease an infiltrative disease where excess glycogen accumulates in tissues which is usually caused by?

Gaucher’s disease

infiltrative disease which is a genetic disorder in which lipid accumulates

cardiac dilation

disease that is also known as “big and baggy heart”

cardiac dilation

d/t increase blood volume the heart needs to dilate, also caused by any conditions that cause regurgitation such as CHF and valve problems

Mitral

atrioventricular valve that has 2 leaflets

AV valves

valves that produces “lub” sound or “S1”

SL valves

valves that produces “dub” or S2 sound

S3

it is the ventricular diastolic galllop the “double dup” = lub dub dub that is accompanied by fast heart rate which is d/t ventricular compensation

excessive fluid or water

excessive activity "(increase supply or demand)

atrial malfunction

conditions that cause ventricles to compensate

pregnancy (d/t excessive blood volume for both mother and baby)

young children (d/t excessive activity)

Athletes (d/t excessive activity)

when s3 sound is considered normal

50 y/0 adult

(less activity when adulting—> decreased hr so why increase?? maybe there is HF—> FLUID OVERLOAD)

Conditions that S3 is considered abnormal

S4 sound

(A LOOKS LIKE? 4)

it is the atrial diastolic gallop or the “double lub”= lub lub dub which is accompanied by fast heart rate d/t atrial compensation

ventricular malfunction

condition that causes Atria to compensate

> 50 y/o (d/t age normal ventricles weaken so the atrium needs t compensate)

s4 sound is considered normal to _____ d/t wear and tear concept.

<50 y/o

s4 is considered abnormal to ages because their ventricles is still iintact, except for people with post MI, uncontrolled HTN, necrosis, and cardiomyopathy

cardiac hypertrophy

conditions affecting the valves caused by valve stenosis—> narrowing of the valves—> reduce forward flow—> heart need to pump harder (heart compensation)—> overtime —> ?? (name of the disease depends on the affected valves)

cardiac dilatation

condition of the valves caused by backflow of the blood dt weak valves—> valves cannot close properly—> blood backflows—> increase blood volume—>??

coronary arteries

arteries that supply blood to the heart

left coronary artery

artery that supplies the anterior part of the heart

right coronary artery

artery that perfuses the posterior part of the heart (LARO)

diastole

(in HYPOTENSION which reduces the diastolic pressure, means less blood flows into the coronary arteries= WORSENING ISCHEMIA)

coronary arteries are mainly perfused during

atherosclerosis

condition affecting the coronary arteries d/t fatty plaques (lifestyle and diet)—> restrict blood flow—> ISCHEMIA

ARTERIOSCLEROSIS

coronary artery disease which is the general term for narrowing of arteries can be dt calcium plaques, dead tissues, clots, fatty plaques)

TRUE

T OR F: All atherosclerosis is a type of arteriosclerosis

Angina Pectoris

“chest pain” d/t MI

STABLE ANGINA

kind of angina that is relieved bt RON 3 (Rest, O2, Nitroglycerin 3x)

acute coronary syndrome

it has an algorithm because it is an emergency it can be partial or full obstruction of the coronary arteries

unstable Angina

> hook in ECG then look for ST elevation

chest that is unrelieved by RON 3, which also indicates pre-infarction

NSTEMI

chest pain unrelieved by RON 3 seen in 12 lead ecg a non-st elevated myocardial infarction== PARTIAL OBSTRUCTION

STEMI

chest pain and upon ECG there is ST-elevated MI == FULL OBSTRUCTION —> can lead to necrosis if no prompt intervention is done

Morphine

Oxygen

Nitroglycerin

Aspirin

management for INFARCTION OR ISCHEMIa

1. notify hospital

2. onset time

3. prepare to respond to STEMI

management for ST elevation or full obstructed