chapter 3 - Englands relations with Scotland and other foreign powers

What significant military action did James IV undertake in 1496?

James IV was responsible for the invasion of England in 1496.

How did James IV's military policy change after the invasion of England?

After the invasion in 1496, James IV did not pursue the policy and made peace the following year.

Define the relationship between James IV and Henry VII.

Married 8 August 1503, sealing the Anglo‑Scottish marriage alliance as part of Treaty of Perpetual Peace.

James IV married Henry VII's daughter, Margaret.

What was the outcome of the Battle of Flodden for James IV?

James IV was killed at the Battle of Flodden in 1513.

How did Henry VII manage relations with Scotland?

Henry VII aimed to safeguard his northern border with Scotland and neutralize the potential threats from Yorkist claimants.

What were the initial financial challenges faced by Henry VII regarding foreign relations?

Henry VII was initially in debt to Brittany and France, which influenced his foreign policy decisions.

Describe the main objectives of Henry VII's foreign policy.

Henry VII aimed to maintain positive relations with foreign powers to ensure national security, recognition of the Tudor dynasty, and the defense of English trading interests.

How did the Treaty of Medina del Campo impact England's foreign relations?

The Treaty of Medina del Campo, established in 1489, strengthened the alliance between England and Spain, enhancing England's position in European politics.

Treaty of Redon

(February 1489)

• Henry agreed to send 6,000 troops (paid by Brittany) to defend against French annexation.

• Signalled English support for Brittany’s independence.

How did the Hundred years war affect England

It strained Englands resources , leading to high taxes and economic difficulties

the war caused political instability and social unrest in England due to the financial burden of the conflict

the war contributed to the decline of the feudal system in England and the rise of a more controlled monarchy

1337 - 1453

How did the battle of agincourt affect England

Boosted the morale of the English forces - MAjor english victory in the hundred years war

the victory enhanced Englands military reputation and strengthened king henry V’s reputation

it increased Englands territorial holdings in france - although most of these were lost in later years of the hundred years war

25 october 1415

How did the ‘Auld Alliance’ affect England

Formed in the late 13th century this led to several conflicts between England and Scotland and France and England

The auld alliance often resulted in England facing a powerful coalition of the enemies affecting its military strategies and diplomatic relations in europe

23 october 1295 - 15 july 1560

Henry VII aims

• Secure the Tudor dynasty by marrying into powerful Catholic houses; produce a male heir.

• Establish international recognition, discourage Yorkist pretenders via treaties.

• Avoid costly wars, favour cautious diplomacy and trade-led influence.

how did The anglo Portuguese treaty of #### affect england

Had a positive impact on england . it established a strong alliance between england and portugal , beneficial for both countries . it allowed england to access portuguese ports and trade routes enhancing englands commercial interests

the treaty also provided military support strengthening england’s position in conflicts + diplomatic networks

it was established in 1373

Prince Arthur’s marriage

Catherine , princess of aragon

1499 agreed

1501 took place

Agreements with the hanseatic league

• In 1489, Henry VII signed a series of agreements with the Hanseatic League, ensuring English merchants could operate in the Baltic region, a key area for trading timber, grain, and other valuable resources.

  Henry not only promoted economic stability but also secured peaceful relations with a powerful commercial entity in northern Europe, which would support his dynastic stability by avoiding trade disputes.

Who did Princess Margaret marry

James IV of Scotland in 1503

it strengthened alliances with Scotland

Who did Princess Mary marry

King of France Louis XII

1514 - 1515 (he died)

the aim of this was to secure peaceful relations with france

The treaty of Medina del Campo + what problems were there

1489 , developed good relations between Spain and England

mutual protection

agreed not to harbour rebels or pretenders

marriage between prince arthur and catherine of aragon

ferdinand was reluctant for the marriage he also argued over catherines dowry

The treaty of Windsor

(1506): Henry signed this treaty with Philip of Burgundy, which helped to secure diplomatic relations and prevent the Burgundians from supporting Warbeck. The treaty also involved trading privileges, but the dynastic and political benefits were the primary motivations for Henry.

Intercursus magnus

(1496): This trade agreement with Burgundy not only opened up significant trading opportunities but also helped to ease tensions following the Warbeck threat. By ensuring peace with Burgundy, Henry reduced the risk of foreign intervention and allowed for the continuation of his dynastic consolidation.

Treaty of windsor

• Marriage Alliance: The treaty arranged for a marriage between Henry VII's daughter, Catherine of Aragon, and Henry's son, Arthur, solidifying ties between the two nations.

• Mutual Support: It established commitments for mutual defense against external threats, particularly from France.

• Trade Agreements: The treaty aimed to enhance trade relations between England and Spain, promoting economic cooperation.

Earl of kildare

feared by henry as he had yorkist sympathies and was a supporter of lambert simnel whom was crowned king of ireland in 1486 and then supported wareck in 1491

was foreign policy succesful under henry vii

Diplomatic Alliances: Henry successfully secured alliances through strategic marriage such as catherine and arthur in 1502 , margraret and james iv in 1503 and mary and louis xii strengthening ties

Henry invested in strengthening the navy, resulting in a more formidable maritime presence. This not only protected trade routes but also positioned England as a growing naval power

Treaty of etaples was a cautious approach to france and it ended hostilites with france in 1492 and secured a pension for england

Holy league of venice

1496

England joined anti‑French coalition (Spain, Papal States, Venice, Florence, Milan, HRE) – although Henry remained largely neutral.

Treaty of ayton

1497

truce followed by Treaty of Perpetual Peace (24 January 1502), ending formal hostilities and agreeing that neither monarch supports the other's enemies.

between scotland and england