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filtration
The process used to separate insoluble solids from a liquid using a filter.
chromatography
A process used to separate different substances dissolved in a liquid.
distillation
Separation method used to separate a solvent from a solution.
evaporation
A separation process used to separate a solid that has dissolved in a liquid. The solvent is heated leaving the solute to remain.
solution
A mixture that forms when a solute dissolves in a solvent.
solute
Substance being dissolved
solvent
A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances
concentrated
Describes a solution containing a large amount of solute
dilute
Describes a solution containing a small amount of solute
soluble
Capable of being dissolved
insoluble
A compound that will not dissolve
Fractional distillation
Separation of a liquid mixture into fractions differing in boiling point by means of distillation, typically using a fractionating column.
Saturated solution
a solution that contains all the solute it can hold at a given temperature
mixture
A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined
freezing
The change of state from a liquid to a solid
melting
The change in state from a solid to a liquid
element
A pure substance made of only one kind of atom
atom
Smallest particle of an element
molecule
two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds. They may be made from the same type of element e.g. O2, or different ones e.g. H2O
compound
A molecule made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds
atom
the smallest part of an element
element
a substance which is made from only one type of atom
metals
elements that are shiny, conduct heat and electricity well, and often have high melting and boiling points
non-metals
elements that are not shiny, and do not conduct heat and electricity well
Periodic Table
table that shows all of the elements and how they are interrelated
group
a vertical column of the Periodic Table. All elements in the same group have similar chemical properties
period
a horizontal row of the Periodic Table
alkali metal
another name for group 1 of the Periodic Table
halogen
Group 7 of the Periodic Table
noble gases
Group 0 of the Periodic Table
mixture
two or more different substances that are not chemically joined to each other
symbol
the letter or letters that represent an element
alloy
a mixture of different metals
electrical conductor
a material which allows electricity to flow through it easily
electrical insulator
a material which does not allow electricity to flow through it easily
thermal conductor
a material which allows heat to flow through it easily
thermal insulator
a material which does not allow heat to flow through it easily
ductile
a material which can be drawn out into wires
sonorous
a material that makes a ringing sound when it is struck
brittle
a material that breaks easily when it is hammered
malleable
a material that can be hammered into different shapes
molecule
two or more atoms joined together by a chemical bond
compound
two or more atoms of different elements joined together by a chemical bond
bond
force holding atoms together
chemical formula
a combination of symbols and numbers that show how many atoms of different kinds there are in a particular compound
symbol equation
a way of writing out what happens in a chemical reaction using the symbols that represent the substances involved
product
new chemical formed in a chemical reaction
reactants
chemicals that join together to form a new substance
precipitate
insoluble solid produced by mixing two solutions
thermal decomposition
when something breaks down into smaller parts because it is heated
pure
a substance that contains only one type of particle. Because water contains water molecules , it cannot be pure if anything is dissolved in it
chromatography
separating dissolved solids from one another. The solids are usually coloured
distillation
separating a liquid from a solution by evaporating the liquid and then condensing it
boiling point
the temperature at which a liquid turns into a gas
freezing point
the temperature at which a liquid turns into a solid
melting point
the temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid
boil (boiling)
The change of state from liquid to gas that occurs when bubbles of the substance in its gas state form throughout the liquid.
boiling point
the temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas
change of state
The process by which a substance changes from one state to another.
condense (condensation)
The change of state from gas to liquid. It can happen at any temperature below the boiling point.
density
The mass of a material in a certain volume.
diffusion
The process by which particles in liquids or gases spread out through random movement from a region where there are many particles to one where there are fewer.
dissolve
The complete mixing of a solute with a solvent to make a solution.
evaporate (evaporation)
The change of state from liquid to gas that occurs when particles leave the surface of the liquid only. It can happen at any temperature. It can be used to separate a solid dissolved in a liquid.
freeze (freezing)
The change of state from liquid to solid at the melting point of a substance.
gas
In this state, a substance can flow and can also be compressed.
liquid
In the this state, a substance can flow but cannot be compressed.
material
The different types of stuff that things are made from.
melt (melting)
The change of state from solid to liquid at a specific temperature point of a substance.
melting point
The temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid.
mixture
This is made up of two or more pure substances that are not chemically joined together. Its properties are different from the properties of the individual substances that make it up.
particle
A very tiny object, such as an atom or molecule, that materials are made from. They are too small to be seen with a microscope.
particle model
A way to think about how substances behave in terms of small, moving particles.
property
A quality of a substance or material that describes its appearance, or how it behaves.
pure substance
A single material with no other substances mixed with it.
saturated solution
A solution in which no more solute can dissolve.
solid
In this state, a substance cannot be compressed and it cannot flow.
solubility
The maximum mass of solute that dissolves in a certain volume or mass of solvent.
solubility curve
A graph showing the change in solubility of a substance with temperature.
soluble
This means a substance can dissolve in a given solvent. The opposite means that a substance cannot dissolve in a given solvent.
solute
The solid or gas that is dissolved in a liquid.
solution
A mixture of a solute dissolved in a solvent. All parts of the mixture are the same.
solvent
A substance, normally a liquid, that dissolves another substance.
states of matter
The three forms in which a substance can exist - solid, liquid, and gas.
sublime (sublimation)
The change of state from solid directly to gas.
substance
A material that is not a mixture. It has the same properties all the way through.
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