Studied by 75 peopleWhat is the universal energy currency of life?
Adenosine Triphosphate
Cellular respiration
glycolysis, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation
Net products of glycolysis are?
2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH
oxidation of sugars begins with..
glycolysis
Kinase
addition of a phosphate group to molecules
transfers a phosphate group from ATP to a substrate
Isomerase
catalyzes rearrangement of bonds within a single molecule
prepare molecules for chemical alterations to come
Dehydrogenase
catalyzes the oxidation of a molecule by removing a hydrogen atom plus an electron
enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase generates NADH
Mutase
catalyzes shifting of a chemical group from one position to another
movement of phosphate by phosphoglycerate mutase
helps prepare substrate to transfer this group to ADP to make ATP
Glycolysis step one?
glucose is phosphorylated by ATP to form sugar phosphate
glucose plus ATP → glucose 6 phosphate plus ADP and H+
Glycolysis step two?
reversible rearrangement of the chemical structure (isomerization) moves the carbonyl oxygen from carbon 1 to carbon 2 forming a ketose from an aldose sugar
glucose 6 phosphate → fructose 6 phosphate
Glycolysis step three?
new hydroxyl group on carbon 1 is phosphorylated by ATP, in preparation for the formation of two three-carbon sugar phosphates, entry of sugars into glycolysis is controlled at this step, through regulation of the enzyme phosphofructokinase
Fructose 6-phosphate plus ATP → Fructose 1,6-Biphosphate plus ADP and H+
Glycolysis steps 1-3 is dedicated to?
energy investment
Glycolysis step 4?
6 carbon sugar is cleaved to produce two three carbon molecules, only the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate can proceed immediately through glycolysis
fructose 1,6-Biphosphate → dihydroxyacetone phosphate + Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
Glycolysis step 5?
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is isomerized to form glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate → Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
Glycolysis steps 4-5 is dedicated to?
splitting and rearranging
glycolysis step 6?
two molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate are oxidized, the energy generation phase of glycolysis begins, NADH and a new high energy anhydride linkage to phosphate are formed
glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate + NAD+ and Pi → 1,3-biphosphglycerate + NADH and H+
Glycolysis step 7?
transfer to ADP of high energy phosphate group that was generated in step 6 forms ATP
1,3-biphosphglycerate + ADP → 3-phosphoglycerate + ATP
glycolysis step 8?
remaining phosphate ester linkage in 3-phosphoglycerate which has a relatively low free energy of hydrolysis, is moved from carbon 3 to carbon 2 to form 2-phosphoglycerate
3-phosphoglycerate → 2-phosphoglycerate
glycolysis step 9?
removal of water from 2-phosphoglycerate creates a high energy enol phosphate linkage
2-phosphoglycerate → phosphoenolpyruvate + H2O
glycolysis step 10?
transfer to ADP of the high energy phosphate group that was generated in step 9 forms ATP
phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP and H+ → pyruvate + ATP
what is glycolysis step 6-10 dedicated to?
energy generation steps
where does pyruvate go after glycolysis?
mitochondria
Fermentation
biochemical reaction that extracts energy from carbohydrates without using oxygen
products include ethanol, hydrogen gas, and lactic acid
End product of electron transport chain?
water and ATP
photosynthesis
light driven process in which CO2 is fixed to yield carbohydrates
Is CO2 reduced or oxidized during photosynthesis?
reduced
Is water reduced or oxidized during photosynthesis?
oxidized
Elucidation of photosynthesis?
notion that plants obtain nourishment from such insubstantial things as light and air took nearly two centuries to develop
violet has the shortest or the longest wavelength?
shortest
red has the shortest or the longest wavelength?
longest
light has properties of what?
waves and particles
pigment
substance that absorbs light
chorophyll
absorbs light in violet and blue wavelengths also red
reflects green
when chlorophyl absorb light, electrons are temporarily boosted to a..
higher energy level: excited state
what are the three possible fates of electrons as they return to a lower energy level?
energy is converted to heat or released as a photo (fluorescence), energy is transferred from the excited chlorophyll to a neighboring chlorophyll (resonance energy transfer), high energy electron is transferred to neighboring molecules (electron acceptor)
Chlorophyll a
occurs in all photosynthesis eukaryotes and cyanobacteria
chlorophyll b
occurs in plants and algae, has different absorption spectrum
an accessory pigment
accessory pigment
not directly involved in photosynthesis but helps, passes energy to chlorophyll a
carotenoids and phycobilins
an accessory pigment, passes energy to chlorophyll a
2 sets of reactions of photosynthesis
light and carbon fixation (Calvin cycle) reaction
light reactions
ATP is produced from AADP and inorganic phosphate using transfer of electrons and production of NADPH
Calvin fixation reactions
energy of ATP is used to link carbon dioxide covalently to an organic molecule and the reducing power of NADPH is used to reduce to a simple sugar
how many photosystems are involved in light reactions?
2
photosystems
two closely linked components: antennae and reaction complex
antennae complex
gather light energy and funnel it to the reaction center
reaction complex
contains a special pair of chlorophyll a molecules that are capable of actually using the energy
photosystem + LHC
photosystem complex
light harvesting complex (LHC)
usually associated with a photosystem to allow for even greater light gathering power
can photosystem 1 work independently of photosystem 2?
yes
cyclic electron flow
instead of electrons being passed to NADP+, they are shunted to an accepter in the ETC between PS1 and PS2
cyclic phosphorylation
process of photophosphorylation in which an electron expelled by the excited photo-center is returned to it after passing through a series of electron carriers
noncyclic phosphorylation
two-stage process involving two different chlorophyll photosystems in the thylakoid membrane
Calvin cycle starts with?
ribulose 1,5-biphosphate (RuBP)
first step of calvin cycle is catalyzed by?
rubisco
second step of calvin cycle
reduction of 3 phosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
third step of calvin cycle
regeneration of RuBP
plants are what kind of growers?
indeterminate
what are the name of plant hormones
phytohormones
phytohormones
used for cellular communication in plants
what are the 3 basic elements for a plant hormone?
transport, induced chemical response, synthesis in one part for the plant
(True/False): phytohormones are synthesized in one location in the plant
false
5 classes of phytohormones?
auxins, cytokinins, ethylene, abscisic acid, gibberellins
Auxin
involved in plant length (growing longways)
ethylene
fruit ripening
Cytokinins
promotes cell division
abscisic acid
stomatal closure, induction of photosynthate transport from leaves to developing seeds
gibberellins
hyper elongation of shoots by stimulating both cell division and cell elongation producing tall plants
tropism
growth response involving bending or curving of plant from an external stimulus that determines the direction of the movement of the plant
positive tropism
toward the stimulus
negative stimulus
away from stimulus
types of tropism?
phototropism, gravitropism, hydrotropism, thigmotropism
statolith
amyloplasts that perceive gravity for the plants
gravity is through to potentially negatively affect what?
hydrotopism
change in turgor pressure that results in…
change in the structure of the leave/plant after a touch
MAMPs
microbe associated molecular patterns
plants recognize MAMPs and can…
elicit specific responses to help migrate incoming attacks (R proteins)
Plants also must be able to recognize what?
VOCs emitted by neighbors
VOCs
volatile organic compounds
salicylic acid is a key regulator in?
plant defenses against biotrophic threats
thermogenesis of some species
salicylic acid function
activation of disease resistance following pathogen invasion
Antagonistic pathway to jasmonic acid signaling…
one suppresses the other
Jasmonic acid
derivative of linolenic acid
Jasmonic acid is a key regulator in?
plant defenses against chewing herbivores and against certain species of microbes
evidence suggests jasmonic acid may also be a key regulator in…
defenses to drought, UV radiation, and other abiotic stresses
what type of compound is salicylic acid?
phenolic
Systemin
short polypeptide, mediates response to wounding by insects
connected with jasmonic acid
systemin defense includes..
upregulation of protease inhibitors that directly impedes the digestion of insects
cut grass smell is a..
plant defense (green leaf volatiles)
Green leaf volatiles
alerts nearby plants that damage has occurred which allows for priming of their immune system to attack threats
alerting fruit ripeness
Predators and parasites of herbivores use…
green leaf volatiles emitted by damaged plants to locate and consume herbivores
Regulation of VOCs
degrade rapidly, short dispersion, reduced risk of eavesdropping
diffusible molecules mediate reciprocal recognition between..
beneficial fungi and plant roots
Plants, like legumes, can actively recruit..
bacteria that can fix atmospheric nitrogren
True/False: nitrogen is a limited resource
True
Plant signals are used to attract pollinators by..
large visual and olfactory displays
When plants receive signals indicating both nutrient stress and herbivore attack they..
prioritize acquiring nutrients
True/False: plants have memory of past event such that speed, sensitivity, and effectiveness of response is enhance
true
What is enhance by plant memory?
speed, sensitivity, and effectiveness of response
Aristotelian view
plants lack movement and sensation (old view on plants)
Gleasonian view
Plants are independent members of loosely structured communities (time to reexamine this view)
Note 
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