Bio Exam 3 - Animal Diversity

Includes topics: Animal Diversity,

Animal Characteristics (shared characteristics of all mammals)

heterotrophic - animals derive energy (carbon) from others

Multicellular - extracellular matrix including collagen

Cells are organized into tissues - groups of cells with similar structure and function bound together

role of zygote in animal development

fertilized egg, has genes from both parents and is first step in development

role of cleavage in animal development

divides eggs

role of blastula in animal development

divides fewer cells until gastrula is formed, hollow ball of cells

role of blastopore in animal development

organizes and defines germ layer, transfers nutrients, start gastrulation

role of gastrula in animal development

begins tissue layer, a ball within a ball

role of gastrulation in animal development

creates three embryonic tissue layers, and creates a digestive tube

role of larvae in animal development

stores food so organism can transfer to adult

role of metamorphosis in animal development

produces larvae into adult with drastic changes

What is a synapomorphy, and which are Synapomorphies in animal development? (3 that we have learned so far)

shared derived characteristics that evolved in a common ancestor and are present in all descendants - blastula, gastrulation, mesoderms

What Animal Milestones happened in the… Edicarian Biota? Include how long ago this was

First fossil evidence of multicellular animals - 565-550 million years ago

What Animal Milestones happened in the… Cambrian Explosion? Include how long ago this was

Diversification of animal types, forerunners of most extant phyla, bizarre body types that have since disappeared - 535 - 525 million years ago

When did multicellular organisms originate according to molecular data?

700-800 million years ago

Burgess Shale significance

contains best records we have of Cambrian fossils

Difference between radial and bilateral?

radial: body arranged around a central axis.

bilateral: body can be divided in near identical halves along a single plane

 What are the terms associated with describing locations with each symmetry?

bilateral: Cephalization, left and right mirror images, dorsal, ventral. anterior, posterior, proximal, distal

radial: oral, aboral, proximal, distal

Cephalization

the concentration of sense organs, nervous control, etc., at the __anterior__ end of the body, forming a head and brain, both during evolution and in the course of an embryo's development.

diploblastic vs triploblastic

diploblastic: 2 germ layers (endoderm and ectoderm), cnidaria

triploblastic: 3 germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm), most other animals

three tissue germ layers, and their organs

endoderm: gut, liver, lungs

mesoderm: skeleton, muscle, kidney, heart, blood

ectoderm: skin, nervous system

coelomate example

mollusks, annelids, arthropods, echinoderms, chordates

pseudocoelomate example

roundworms

acoelomate example

flatworms

answer A, B, C

a. acoelomate.

b. pseudocoelomate

c. coelomate

protostome vs deuterostomes

cleavage: protostome is spiral and determinate, deuterostome is radial and indeterminate

coelom formation: protostome is schizoccoelous, deuterostome is enteroccoelous

fate of blastopore: protostome: mouth develops from it, deuterostomes: anus develops from it

determinate vs indeterminate cleavage

spiral/determinate: fate determined early

radial/indeterminate: fate determined late

What are the 5 points of agreement on Animal Phylogeny?

All animals share common ancestor

Sponges (Porifera) are basal

Eumetazoans are a single clade (true tissue layers)

Most animals are bilateral (echinoderms secondarily radial)

Chordates and echinoderms are deuterostomia

What are important animal milestones that are represented in the following groups, and what is common name: Porifera

parazoans, 1 phylum, sponges, filter feeding

What are important animal milestones that are represented in the following groups, and what is common name: cnidaria

eumetazoans, diploblastic, have forms of polyp and medusa, include medusazoans (jellyfish), and anthozoans (coral and sea anemones)

What are important animal milestones that are represented in the following groups, and what is common name: ctenophora

eumatazoans, comb jellies, diploblastic, plankton species, similar stinging cells to cnidaria

hydrozoans life cycle significance

polyp and medusa, has alternation of generations, can be used for anti aging

anthozoans

corals, anemones, hard/soft corals, coral and zooxanthella symbiosis

bilateria split in animals created these two

protostomia, deuterostomia

protostomia include:

lophotrochozoans, ecdysozoans

lophotrochozoan significance and what is it named for?

most diverse animals, include: mollusks, segmented worms, flatworms, named from lophophore feeding structure, and trochophore larvae stage

ecdysozoans significance

hard exoskeleton, grow by molting, arthropoda, Nematoda (round worms)

lophotrochozoans include

Platyhelminthes: flat worms, triploblastic, coelomate, planaria and parasites

Mollusca: snails, bivalves, cephalopods, diverse body plan, visceral mass, mantle, foot, diverse

Annelida: segmented worms, triploblastic, true coelom, Polychaeta and oligochaetes, repeated segments with specialization

annelida

segmented worms, triploblastic, true coelom, Polychaeta and oligochaetes, repeated segments with specialization

Mollusca

snails, bivalves, cephalopods, diverse body plan, visceral mass, mantle, foot, most diverse in form and habitats: Gastropoda, bivalvia, cephalopoda, and more like chitins

Platyhelminthes

flat worms, triploblastic, coelomate, planaria and parasites

ecdysozoans description and what it is named for

external cuticle or exoskeleton, three major groups: Nematoda, arthropoda, other phyla, most species rich group: crustaceans and insects. Ecdysis named for molting

Nematoda

round worms, triploblastic, pseudocoelomate, soil dwelling & parasitic, microscopic, diverse, trichinella parasite causes parasitic worm disease trichinosis

arthropoda

jointed legs, includes insects, arachnids, crustaceans, myriapods. very diverse - insects on land and freshwater, and crustaceans in salt and freshwater. most species rich phylum

deuterstomia

include echinodermata and chordata

echinodermata

spiny skin, 5 groups: sea stars (starfish), brittle stars, sea urchins/sand dollars, crinoids, sea cucumbers

5 synanyphmorphies/chordate characteristics (great essay)

notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits or clefts, muscular post anal tail, thyroid

vertebrae history

diverged during Cambrian explosion (540 million years ago), contain 52000 species, diverse and successful

how are vertebrates deuterostomes?

have ‘second mouth’ where blastopore becomes anus, mouth develops secondarily from another opening

synapomorphy

shared derived characters

synplesiomorphy

shared ancestral characters

notochord

basis for endoskeleton, flexible rod

dorsal hollow nerve cord

extends length of the body throughout embryonic development

pharyngeal slits

originally for filter feeding, modified into gill slits for respiration, becomes structures of head and neck for many vertebrates

post anal tail

chordates have tail extending beyond anus, some lose tail during development (like frogs and humans)

craniates

chordates with a skull, includes: myxini (hagfishes), and all vertebrates

vertebrates

craniates with a backbone, includes: Cephalaspidomorphi (jawless fishes)

what is a gnathostome?

vertebrates with jaws, includes: extinct placoderms, Chondrichthyes (sharks and rays with placoid scales), and ourselves

define and differentiate chordates, craniates, and vertebrate

chordates are defined by the 5 characteristics, craniates are a subgroup of chordates characterized by presence of skull and brain, and vertebrates are a subgroup of craniates defined by having a vertebral column or backbone. all vertebrates are craniates and all craniates are chordates, but not all chordates are craniates or vertebrates.

What are the Synapomorphies associated with Chordates, craniates and vertebrates and an example organism of each?

chordates: notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits or clefts, muscular post anal tail, thyroid. EX: lancelet

craniates: head with skull and brain, neural crest, HOX genes. EX: myxini

vertebrates: vertebral column, neural crest cells form bones, cranium

What is a Chondrichthyan?

have cartilaginous skeleton, contain spiral valve that increases feeding efficiency in a short intestinal tract. Have a variety of reproductive strategies: oviparous, ovoviviparous, and viviparous

What is an Osteichthyan?

bony fish, but also have a complete mineralization of their skeleton (skeleton made of bone, instead of cartilage).

Synapomorphies: swim bladder, scales, bony opercurlum to protect gills

ex: salmon, tuna, bass, trout

What type of Osteichthyan is the sister to tetrapods?

Lobe-finned fishes (coelacanths) are the sister group to tetrapods.

What are the Synapomorphies of Tetrapods?

four limbs with digits (can be altered or lost), lungs (to adapt to land)

what are tetrapods?

Osteichthyes with limbs and feet

amphibia

two part lifecycle (water and land), other variations

Lungless salamanders have direct development

Newts have a 3 part life cycle

Axolotls & tiger salamanders undergo paedomorphosis

amniotes

tetrapods with terrestrial eggs, allow gas exchange for embryos

What group of tetrapods is basal?

lobe-finned fishes and lungfishes

How do Birds and Mammals fit into tetrapod evolution?

two amniote groups diverged early:

reptile (crocodiles, snakes, birds, dinosaur ancestors)

and Mammalia and their ancestors

What is the advantage of the synapomorphy of Amniotic eggs?

allows eggs to be placed on land, allows gas exchange for embryos while preventing dessication

Fill in from bottom left to top right, then name species left to right

ancestral deuterostome, notochord, brain, head, vertebral column, jaws/mineralized skeleton, lung & lung derivatives, lobed fins, legs, amniotic egg, milk.

organisms: echinodermata, Urochordata, lancelets, hagfishes, lampreys, chondrichytes, ray-finned fishes, coelacanth, lungfishes, amphibians, reptiles, mammals

mammal synapomorphies

mammary glands, hair, three bones in ear, warm blooded

What are the five major Eiutherian Groups and which common mammals fit in each?

rodentia: mice, rats, squirrels

Chiroptera: bats

primates: humans, apes, monkeys

Carnivora: cats, dogs, bears

Cetacea: whales, dolphins, porpoises

synapsid

A synapsid is a type of vertebrate characterized by having a single temporal opening on each side of the skull.

Define  Monotreme, Marsupial and  Eutherian?

monotremes: lay eggs

marsupials: give birth to undeveloped young, raise in pouches

Eutherian: placental mammal give birth to fully developed young

Where do humans fit within Primate Phylogeny? What are the Other great apes?

Humans are great apes/apes, and share a common ancestor with chimpanzees 6-8 million years ago. Other great apes: orangutans, gorillas, and chimpanzees/bonobos

How do modern humans fit with fossil homonids?

homo genus, these species have similar body plans to modern humans, including a larger brain size, bipedalism, and adaptations for tool use.

what are the synapomorphies of humans?

bipedalism, human traits (large brain, reduced teeth and jaw)

What are the Biological challenges to multicellular animals?

cell coordination, resource allocation, waste removal, reproduction, homeostasis

Define the hierarchy of tissues, organs and organ systems?

Cells, Tissue, Organs, Organ System, Organism

Tissues: Groups of cells of similar function and Appearance

(only organization in sponges)

Organs: Functional Groups of Tissues that perform a specific Function

Organ Systems: Groups of organs that accomplish a major function of regulation

What are the four major tissue types in animals?

epithelial tissue: surface of body

connective tissue: supports and connects tissues and organs in body (bone, cartilage, blood)

Muscular Tissue: movement and mechanical work

nervous tissue: communication and coordination in body

Define Homeostasis

ability for organism to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in external environment - regulation

What is the difference between a regulator and a conformer, what is the advantage of each?

regulators control and maintain a constant internal temperature regardless of changing environment, while conformers allow internal body temperature to change in response to changing environment

What is the difference between Negative and Positive Feedback?

negative feedback reduces stimulus to keep system stable (ex: heat-sweat-evaporative cooling) while positive feedback amplifies stimuli, which does not help homeostasis (ex: population growth, childbirth)

How does Thermoregulation demonstrate the principles of Homeostasis, feedback, and how form function and behavior can contribute to homeostasis?

homeostasis because despite a changing environment, these organisms need to maintain an internal temperature to survive. feedback systems are crucial in helping thermoregulation, for example: shivering and sweating. Form function and behavior can help thermoregulation: thick fur, blubber, larger animals lose heat slower, and physical grouping of animals

How does Metabolic rate and Energy Use relate to thermoregulation?

metabolic processes produces heat, body uses energy for thermoregulation through processes like shivering, sweating, panting, and movements

Define Basal metabolic rate and standard metabolic rate ( I did a lot of research on this, and they are interchangeable terms. I am not sure why we are supposed to know the difference between these two.)

basal metabolic rate - like SMR, but under more strict conditions like after sleeping, no exercise, etc

standard metabolic rate - rate of energy consumption of an organism under standardized/variable conditions (rested, fasting, thermoneutral)

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Define Endotherm/Ectotherm. Homeotherm/Poikilotherm

Endotherm - body heat derived from metabolism

Ectotherm - body heat derived from environment

Homeotherm - body temperature remains constant

Poiklotherm - body temperature fluctuates with environment

Distinguish between hibernation and torpor and their role in Energy Management.

Hibernation is a long-term state of reduced metabolism and lowered body temperature that some animals enter during the winter months when food is scarce. Torpor, on the other hand, is a short-term state of reduced metabolism and body temperature that some animals enter during times when food is temporarily scarce, such as during the night.

What do heterotrophs need for survival?

external energy, essential nutrients (6): water, carbs, fats, proteins, minerals, vitamins

Define : Carnivore, Herbivore and Omnivore

carnivores - commonly predators, eat other animals

Herbivores - eat plants

omnivores - eat both

Beyond Calories what 4 classes things are essential nutrients, what are they and what are they needed for?

proteins: growth, tissue repair, enzyme and hormone production

Carbohydrates: primary source of energy

Lipids: fats help absorb vitamins, produces hormones, maintains healthy cell membranes

Vitamins and minerals: supports immune system, maintains healthy bones, convert food to energy

Describe the 4 stages of food processing and the Physiological challenges associated with each stage + alternatives to each stage. (GREAT ESSAY HAHAHHAHAHAHAHAHAHA WOOHOOO)

ingestion: getting food into alimentary canal, alternative: filter feeding in whales and some fish, filter food particles from water

digestion: breaking down food into small enough molecules, alternative: extracellular digestion where enzymes are secreted outside organism’s cells to break down food used by insects, spiders, and some invertebrates

absorption: cells take up molecules, alternative: direct absorption, nutrients absorbed through skin in some amphibians

elimination: spelling undigested material, alternative: storage, waste products stored in body until ready to be eliminated in some insects and reptiles

What are the four main modes of feeding found in animals?

filter feeding: take small particles out of water or air, mainly whales, clams, flamingos

substrate feeding: feeds on material it is in contact with, mainly earthworms, termites, leafcutter ants

fluid feeding: feed on liquids, like blood or nectar, mainly mosquitos, ticks, hummingbirds

bulk feeding: ingest large amounts of food, mainly humans, lions, Venus flytraps

Describe process of digestion, including the following structures and their contributions.

 

Mouth

Salivary gland

Esophagus

Stomach

Pancreas

Liver

Gall Bladder

Small intestine

Rectum

Mouth: saliva helps break down food in mouth

Salivary gland: produces saliva

esophagus: muscular tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach

stomach: mixes and grinds food, also secretes digestive enzyme pepsin

pancreas: produces digestive enzymes like amylase, lipase, etc that go to small intestine

liver: produces bile, helps breakdown fats and aids in absorption of fat soluble vitamins

gall bladder: stores and releases bile into the small intestine when needed to aid in the digestion of fats

small intestine: primary site of nutrient absorption, also absorbs nutrients and water

large intestine: absorbs water and electrolytes from undigested food material and forms feces

Rectum: stores feces until they can be eliminated through the anus during a bowel movement

What adaptations are seen in the stomach and intestine to deal with different types of food? (3)

stomach acid secretion, enzyme secretion, instestinal surface area

Define:

Peristalsis

Sphincter

peristalsis: rhythmic contractions of the smooth muscle in the walls of the digestive tract, help move food along

Spinchter: ring of muscle that surrounds an opening or passage in the body that controls its opening and closing

What hormones and feedback systems are involved in regulation of the digestive process? (name 3 example enzymes)

gastrin is released by cells to help break down food, secretin released by small intestine in response to partially digested food, insulin released by pancreas in response to presence of glucose in blood