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Proclamation of 1763
Aimed to prevent colonial settlement west of the Appalachians. First time colonists realized that the British army is not invincible First-time
Stamp Act
all pieces of paper were taxed. (1765)
Boston Massacre
A clash between colonists and British troops during a protest.(1770). Only five people die
Boston Tea Party
A protest against the Tea tax in the Townshed Acts. Colonists dressed up as Native Americans and dumped tea in the Boston harbor.
Intolerable Acts
Passed by Great Britain in response to the Boston Tea Party.
Articles of Confederation definition
This official document (definition) Established a government characterized by a weak central government with limited powers.
Shay's Rebellion
Highlighted (through a rebellion) the inability of the central government to maintain order under the Articles of Confederation.
Virginia Plan
Proposed a legislature where representation would be based on the population of each state.
New Jersey Plan
Proposed a legislature with equal representation for each state.
Great Compromise
Created a bicameral legislature with proportional representation in one house and equal representation in the other. MADE THE SENATE AND HOUSE OF REPS.
Three-Fifths Compromise (def)
Dealt with the counting of enslaved people for purposes of taxation and representation. Slaves counted as 3/5 of the population state
Federalist Papers where written because
Written primarily to support the ratification of the Constitution.
Anti-Federalists opposed……
Opposed the Constitution due to concerns about the lack of a Bill of Rights.
Bill of Rights
Guarantees basic rights and freedoms to individuals. The first ten amdendemnts
Louisiana Purchase (1803)
Significantly doubled the size of the United States for $15 million
PRESIDENT JEFFERSON HUGE “MOMENT”
Trail of Tears
refers to the forced relocation and movement of Native American nations from their ancestral homelands in the Southeastern United States to areas west of the Mississippi River, specifically to present-day Oklahoma, during the 1830s. The relocation was a result of the Indian Removal Act of 1830, which aimed to open up land for white settlers.
The journey was brutal, with many Native Americans (Cherokee people) suffering from disease, exposure, and lack of food and supplies.
Underground Railroad
A network that helped enslaved people escape to freedom.
King Cotton
Refers to the importance of cotton production to the Southern economy and its reliance on slave labor.
Social Contract Theory
An Enlightenment idea that greatly influenced the Declaration of Independence.
Declaration of Independence
Asserted the right of the colonies to govern themselves independently.
Basic principles: life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
“all men are created equal;” “Consent of governed”
Northwest Ordinance (short def)
Created a system for the admission of new states.
Popular sovereignty
Rule by the people.
Natural rights
Rights inherent to all individuals, such as life, liberty, and property.
Checks and balances
Designed to prevent any one branch of government from becoming too powerful.
Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists
Key difference was their view on the size and power of the central government.
Bill of Rights importance
Added to protect individual liberties from government intrusion.
Election of 1800
Significant for marking the peaceful transfer of power between opposing political parties.
Market Revolution
A period of rapid economic growth and transformation fueled by technological advancements and increased trade.
Gold Rush
Primarily affected the West region of the United States.
a rapid movement of people to a newly discovered goldfield. The first major gold rush, to California in 1848–49, was followed by others in the US, Australia (1851–53), South Africa (1884), and Canada (Klondike, 1897–98).
13th Amendment
Abolished slavery.
Salutary neglect
The British government's policy of largely ignoring colonial affairs.
Northwest Ordinance significance
Established and is significant because it made a system for governing and admitting new states to the Union.
Articles of Confederation's weakness
The states retained significant autonomy and limited central authority. (state had the power to tax)
No power to draft troops (weak army)
Economic problems like NO POWER TO LEVY TAXES
Printed more money then was making created INFLATION
Sugar Act (1764)
The FIRST tax on colonists to raise revenue for British. This tax cut the duty of foreign-made molasses in half, hoping the colonists would pay lower taxes rather than risk arrest for smuggling. King George thought the Act would enhance the British government but ended up causing a full rebellion between the colonists and the government because the colonists were dissatisfied with being taxed without consent
Declaratory act
laws passed by the British Parliament in 1766, asserting that Parliament had the authority to make laws for the American colonies "in all cases whatsoever," including taxation. This act came right after the repeal of the Stamp Act, aiming to reinforce Britain's control over the colonies.
Townshend Acts
appart of Declaratory acts as it taxed paper, lead, tea, paint, and glass
Declaration of Rights
Written by the first Contenteial COngress (1774 55 delegates) to King George expressing colonial grievances
Who fired the first shot heard around the world? (April 1775)
Minutemen went against General Gages troops at Lexington and Concord. We have no idea who fired the first shot, but the British did end up retreating.
Sons of Liberty
During the American Revolution, a group of men organized to fight against British Control. They protested, boycotted, and were often violent.
Republicanism (just society, all citizens willingly subordinate)
Stability and authority of the government depends on nature of citizens of society
“Radical Whigs” feared the threat to liberty passed by the arbitrary power of the king
List three ideas behind the Ideals of the American Revolution
Redcoats AKA Global SuperPower
strengths: well trained army, better equipped, best army +navy
weakness: atlantic ocean to cross, unfamilar terrian, divided government, hired mercenaries
Continental army: ragtag volunteer army in need of a shower
stregths: fought defensivley, eventually recieved help from France +Spain, guerilla warfare with landscape, common cause
weakness: untrained and poorly equipped, weak navy
Treaty of Paris (1783) DEFINATION
The British formally recognized the American Independence ceded territory east of the Mississippi. America promised to restore loyalist properly and repay creditors.
EFFECTS of the Treaty of Paris (1783)
Formal recognition of US as an independent nation
Boundaries are established (borders of Canada, Atlantic OCean, Northern Field to Mississippi River) NORTHWEST TERRITORY
Loyalists Property was gifted back (never happened) and debt paid off
Land Ordiance (1785)
a law that established a system for surveying and dividing western lands in the U.S. to facilitate their sale and settlement. It aimed to organize land distribution and raise revenue for the government.
Northwest Ordinance def
law that outlined the process for territories in the Northwest Territory to become states. It established rules for governance, rights for settlers, and banned slavery in the region.
FACTORS: NO SLAVERY (debate in congress) and once admitted, state gained citizenship
What was produced at the Constitutional Convention (1787)
3/5 compromise
Great Compromise
Tariffs
Slavery (allowed slave trade for 20+ years)
President (a chief executive elected indirectly through an electoral college)
What where beliefs of a Federalist?
Favored: Constitution
Against: Bill of Rights
Support: Urban Areas
Stood: More rights for states and strong central government
James Madiosn, John Jay, and Alexander Hamiltion
What where beliefs for Anti-Federalists?
Favored: Articles of Confederation
For: Bill of Rights
Support: rural areas
Stood: power in states and not the central government
Key people: Patrick Henry, George Mason, and Richard Henry Lee
Problem of Louisiana Purchase
loose vs, strict construction, no rules to purchase land in constitution
Who where Lewis and CLark?
Explored the land in Louisiana Purchase for two years. Mapped the land for President Jefferson and had aid of Sacagawea
Jeffersons Belief for government?
Small government with low taxes and a smaller military (mosquito fleet)
What was the manifest destiny?
the belief that the nation has a god-given right to expand it territory and influence into new areas. ECONOMICALLY WONDERFULLY It was a benefit for white people but natives, African Americans, and women where not treated as equals.
What was the Indian Removal Act?
President Jackson provided this act for the transporting of all Indian tribes east of the Mississippi to a newly established Indian territory where they would be “permently” free of white enforcement.
Transportation Revolution
steamboats, roads, and canals were being made west.
Steamboat boom (Robert Fulton) caused the canal boom and more cities moved.
railroads boom in 1830s and 1840s
During the move west, how many new states where admitted?
6 new states
California Gold Rush
discovered in Sutterville Califronia during the migration West. Samuel Banan spread the word after he became the first millionaire in California. This move caused many people to move West to mine gold.
What where the effects of the California Gold Rush?
Pos: population increased, merchants made more profit, economy boom, and new business emerged
Cons: the land was destroyed and the water is still poisoned to this day (mercury usage)
What were the types of Gold Mining during the California Gold Rush?
Placer mining—- collect dirt in pan and filter with water
Rocker and Long Tom- newer tech that aided
Hydrolic mining— a burst of water at dirtHydraulic
Irish and German Immigration
refers to the influx of German and Irish settlers due to the potato famine
What where the political effects of the Irish and German Immigration?
Political Marches like Tammy Hall would keep false promises (more food, jobs, and opportunity) to gain political advantages in voting matters.
Nativism grew and the Know-Nothing Party established and feared the political influence of foreigners.
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