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chemical change
A change in matter that produces one or more new substances
law of conversation of mass
the law that states that mass cannot be created or destroyed in ordinary chemical and physical changes
thermal energy
Heat energy
Temperature
A measure of how hot or cold something is.
Solubilty
the ability of a substance to dissolve
atomic number
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
mass number
the sum of the number of neutrons and protons in an atomic nucleus
Isotopes
Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
atomic mass
The average mass of all the isotopes of an element
groups on periodic table
a vertical row of elements in the periodic table
periods on periodic table
horizontal rows
chemical formula
A combination of chemical symbols and numbers to represent a substance
Chemical bonds are
forces that hold atoms together
Ion
A charged atom
oxidation number
Positive or negative number that indicates how many electrons an atom has gained, lost, or shared to become stable
Cation
A positively charged ion
Anion
A negatively charged ion
Molecule
A group of atoms bonded together
Reactants
A starting material in a chemical reaction
Products
The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction.
precipitate
A solid that forms from a solution during a chemical reaction.
Exothermic
Releases heat
endothermic
Absorbs heat
catalyst
substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
Inhibitor
A substance that slows down or stops a chemical reaction
Observation
Information obtained through the senses.
Hypothesis
A testable prediction, often implied by a theory
independent variable
The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.
dependent variable
The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.
constant
A value that does not change
control group
In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.
Quantitative
relating to, measuring, or measured by the quantity of something rather than its quality.
Qualitative
Data in the form of words
average speed
total distance divided by total time
instantaneous speed
the speed of an object at one instant of time
Inertia
The tendency of an object to resist a change in motion
Weight
A measure of the force of gravity on an object
Newton's First Law
An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
Newton's Second Law
Force equals mass times acceleration
Newton's Third Law
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
kinetic energy
energy of motion
potential energy
stored energy
mechanical energy
Kinetic or potential energy associated with the motion or position of an object
conductor
A material that allows heat and electricity to pass through it.
Insulator
A material that does not allow heat or electrons to move through it easily.
work
Force exerted on an object that causes it to move
Power
the rate at which work is done
wave
A disturbance that transfers energy from place to place
mechanical wave
A wave that requires a medium through which to travel
electromagnetic waves
A form of energy that can move through the vacuum of space.
Wavelength
Horizontal distance between the crests or between the troughs of two adjacent waves
Frequency
the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time
Amplitude
Height of a wave
Reflection of waves
When a wave bounces back from a surface instead of passing
through it.
Refraction
The bending of a wave as it passes at an angle from one medium to another
Diffraction
Occurs when an object causes a wave to change direction and bend around it
Absorption
The process by which nutrient molecules pass through the wall of the digestive system into the blood
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