Chapter 23: The Emergence of Industrial Society in the West, 1750-1914 - Vocabulary Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms and concepts from Chapter 23: The Emergence of Industrial Society in the West, 1750-1914.

protoindustrialization

Early phase of industrialization where production occurs in homes/small workshops with materials provided by merchants.

putting-out system

A manufacturing arrangement in which merchants supply materials to households to produce goods and return finished products.

Enlightenment

18th-century intellectual movement emphasizing reason, science, and skepticism of absolute authority; influenced politics and society.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Philosopher who argued government should be based on the general will and popular sovereignty.

Montesquieu

Philosopher who proposed separation of powers and checks and balances in government.

American Revolution

Colonies gained independence from Britain, inspired by Enlightenment ideas and leading to a new republican government.

Estates General

Medieval French assembly that led to the formation of new revolutionary bodies and ultimately the National Assembly.

National Assembly

French revolutionary body formed by the Third Estate; enacted radical reforms and the Declaration of the Rights of Man.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Revolutionary document asserting civil liberties and political rights during the French Revolution.

Bastille

Symbol of royal tyranny stormed by revolutionaries in 1789, signaling broader revolutionary momentum.

Reign of Terror

Radical revolutionary phase (1793–1794) led by Robespierre with mass executions to eliminate threats.

Maximilien Robespierre

Leader of the radical phase of the French Revolution; later executed, emblematic of the Terror.

Cult of the Supreme Being

Robespierre's attempt to establish a civic-religious cult during the revolutionary period.

universal manhood suffrage

Expansion of voting rights to all adult men.

universal weights and measures

Introduction of standardized measurement systems (e.g., metric) across a country.

abolition of slavery

Formal ending of slavery as part of revolutionary and liberal reforms.

nationalism

A new ideological force emphasizing loyalty to the nation and collective identity over local ties.

Napoleon Bonaparte

French leader who centralized power, reformed education, and pursued European dominance before his defeat.

Congress of Vienna

Diplomatic conference that sought to restore balance of power and redraw Europe after Napoleon.

Camillo di Cavour

Piedmont statesman who led Italian unification through diplomacy and alliance against Austria.

Otto von Bismarck

Prussian statesman who unified Germany through wars and political strategy.

German Empire (1871)

Unified German nation-state proclaimed after the Franco-Prussian War, led by Prussia.

The Social Question

Debates over social equality and the state’s role; rise of socialist movements and reform efforts.

Karl Marx

Philosopher who argued that history is driven by class struggle and private ownership of the means of production.

Proletariat vs. Bourgeoisie

Marxist terms for the working class (proletariat) and the capitalist middle/upper class (bourgeoisie) involved in class struggle.

Chartist movement

British working-class movement seeking parliamentary reform and expanded suffrage.

Reform Act of 1832

British law expanding the vote to more middle-class men and reforming electoral representation.

Revolutions of 1848

Across Europe, a surge of liberal, nationalist, and socialist uprisings challenging conservative orders (largely suppressed).