Repro Skeletal Muscle Integ

2 Forms of reproduction

ASEXUAL SEXUAL

ASEXUAL

does not require sex organ

SEXUAL

male and female organs are involved

seminiferous tubules

where sperms are produced

sertoli cells

nurse cells for developing spermatids

Interstitial/Leydig cells

produce androgen

Tunica vaginalis

serous membrane which covers the testicles

Rete testis

- structure which receives spermatozoa from the tubula recti and passes them to the vas deferens

Vas deferens

network of tubules which connect the rete testes to the epididymis

Epididymis

place for maturation of spermatozoa prior to ejaculation

vas deferens/ductus deferens

muscular tube which merges with the epididymis . propels the spermatozoa at the time of ejaculation from the epididymis to the ejaculatory ducts in the urethra and empties in the urethra.

efferent ducts

collect and store spermatozoa and conduct it from the rete testis into the head of the epididymis

Urethra

a canal starting from the junction of the ampullae and the end at the opening of the penis. common passage of semen and urine from the bladder.

Ampulla

serve as temporary storage of sperm until the time of ejaculation

Seminal vesicles

produce secretion high in fructose. serves to flush the urethra and act as vehicle for spermatozoa transport

Prostate gland

produces a viscous secretion which is said to stimulate spermatozoa activity and help give semen its characteristic odor.

Cowper's gland/bulbourethral gland

lubrication

Scrotum

the external covering.

Scrotum

protects the testes from direct. mechanical injury provides the testes an environmentfew degrees cooler than the body temperature

tunica dartos

protect from cold weather

Penis

Covered by an invaginated foldof skin known as the prepuce sheath

Penis

organ of erection and ejaculation, serves to introduce spermatozoa into the vagina, drains the urinary bladder of

Erection

increase in the turgidity of the organ caused by a greater inflow than outflow of blood

Ejaculation

a reflex emptying of the epididymis, urethra, and accessory sex glands caused by: stimulation

Semen

consists of the sperm cells plus the secretions of the three accessory glands.

Vasectomized animals

the vas deferens are severed,

Castrated animals

both testes are removed

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS

produce viable ova Serves as place of implantation and nourishment of the embryo and fetus throughout the gestation period

Ovary

the primary sex organ; paired, almond shaped organ situated near the uterine horn just behind the kidney;

endocrine

secretes the female sex Hormone

Infundibulum:

portion of the uterine tube adjacent to the ovary whose expanded form is like a funnel shaped structure

Oviduct or fallopian tube

structure that conduct the ova from the ovary to the respective horn of the uterus; serves as the site of fertilization and site of early embryonic development

Uterus

tubular structure extending from the termination of both fallopian tubes to a point where the horns of the uterus joins the body of the uterus and continuous to the cervix.

Cervix

neck of uterus; serves as passageway of semen;

Vagina

a tube extending from the cervix down to the vulva; receives the penis in copulation;

Vulva

common passage for the products of reproduction and urine.

Clitoris

a rudimentary organ situated ventrally to the vulva; homologous to the penis in male.

PUBERTY

indicates that the female reach sexual maturity. capable of producing offspring

Estrous cycle

dynamic hormonal cycle that controls reproduction in female mammals in relation to the release of eggs (oocytes) and preparation of the uterus for fertilized embryos

MONOESTROUS

the animal comes in heat only once a year

POLYESTROUS

continuous breeders

SEASONALLY POLYESTROUS

the animal comes in heat at certain seasons only

FOLLICULAR PHASE

PROESTRUS ESTRUS

LUTEAL PHASE

METESTRUS DIESTRUS

Proestrous

("building up phase") Characterized by rapid follicular enlargement and maturation due to FSH Follicles secrete an increasing amount of estrogen.

Estrus

Heat period (the period of heat or sexual receptivity in the female)

Metestrus

Characterized by the development of yellow body Vascularization of the uterus

Diestrus

Follows if no fertilization occurs Characterized by regression and cessation of CL. Homologous to menstrual phase in primates

Gestation or pregnancy

embryo increases in size; development of extra embryonic membrane

Lactation

The period following parturition when the animal is producing milk for her offspring

2 MAJOR DIVISIONS OF SKELETAL

- AXIAL SKELETON APPENDICULAR SKELETON

AXIAL SKELETON

all bones of the animal body except the bones of the limbs or appendages basically composed of the skull, vertebrae, ribs and sternum

APPENDICULAR SKELETON

bones of the limb or appendages

Epiphyseal Plate

the site of bone growth

Epiphyses

end or extremity of bone

Diaphysis

shaft or part of bone between the epiphysis

Marrow cavity

cavity of the diaphysis

Epiphyseal cartilage/disk

layer of cartilage which separates the epiphysis and diaphysis within the metaphysis

Metaphysis

flared area adjacent to epiphysis in mature bones

Long bones

great dimension, functions: act as levers, for support, locomotion Forelimb and hind limb

Short bones

cuboid or equal shape function: absorbs concussion Eg. Carpals, tarsals

Flat bones

thin and expanded functions: protects vital organs, provide areas for muscle attachment Eg. Skull, ribs, scapula, pelvic bones

Sesamoid bones

\- sesame seed shape developed along the course of tendons functions: reduce friction, change the course of tendons

Irregular bones

unpaired bones in the median plane functions: for protection and support, for muscle attachment

Pneumatic bones

- presence of air spaces or sinuses that communicate with the exterior

Osteogenic cells

mesenchymal cells located at the inner layer of the periosteum, they give rise to osteoblast.

Osteogenesis

the process by which bone is formed through the secretory activity of the osteoblast

Osteoblast

bone secreting cells during bone formation, first secrete the amorphous and fibrous (collagen) components of unmineralized bone, then later they deposit their stored calcium to mineralize or harden the bone

Osteocytes

they are osteoblast trapped in spaces called lacunae in the bone substance during mineralization maintain the integrity of the bone by supplying nutrients derived from the blood vessels

Osteoclast

- believed to rise from the fusion of osteocytes

Cancellous bone (spongy bone)

consist of few trabeculae and many interosseous space

Compact bone (lamellar bone)

consist of extensive lamellae and few interosseous space

Trabecullae

portion of the bone substance Interosseous space - space between adjacent trabeculae

Osteon/Harvesian system

- the basic unit structure of a compact bone

Cartilage

other type of structure forming the skeleton. similar to bone in many ways but is softer and more flexible

Fibro-cartilage

a hard, bluish-gray material at the end of the bone where they move against one another

Hyaline cartilage

yellowish in color found mainly on the respiratory tract, giving strength to the trachea, bronchi, and larynx

Elastic cartilage

consist of a mixture of cartilage and elastic fiber -forms the base of the external ear

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

responsible for the movement of the human body

Muscles

-body tissue composed of sheets or bundles of cells that contract to produce movement or increase tension

Fibril

smallest unit of muscle

sarcolemma

Group of fibrils - muscle fiber ... contained in an elastic sheath

endomycium

Several fibers are grouped and surrounded by a sheath

Epimycium

forms the muscle proper.

Motion

an important activity of the body that is made possible by the special function of contractility of muscle tissues.

Voluntary muscle/skeletal muscle

Striated and striped under the control of animal, attached to the bones in a form of flesh of animal

Involuntary muscle

non striated not under the control of animals (found in internal organs)

Cardiac muscle

mixture of striated and non striated muscle. contains voluntary muscle but not under the control of animal (found in heart)

Skin

covers the entire body of the animal

Functions of the skin

Protection, Thermoregulation, Cutaneous Sensation, Vitamin D synthesis, Blood Reservoir, Excretion and Absorption.

Dermis or corium

inner layer of connective tissue containing the blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic.

Epidermis

outer layer of non-vascular squamous epithelium. It is located on the outside, devoid of blood vessels.

Hypodermis

Aso called a subcutaneous layer, this is a layer of *fat located under the dermis of the skin. The hypodermis helps to insulate the body and protects underlying muscles and other structures.

Color of the Skin

this is due to the presence of pigment granules (melanocytes)

Dark color

* result from dispersion of melanin granules into the cytoplasmic processes of surrounding tissues

Light color

result of concentration of granules near the nucleus

Photosensitization

the condition wherein the unpigmented areas of the skin become edematous and may even slough off. Lack of pigment in the iris or in the skin surrounding the eye may cause extreme sensitivity to light.

Sweat gland

* has a duct opening at the surface of the skin. secretion produced is watery and consist of salts and waste materials in addition to water

sweat glands

situated in the corium; produced watery secretion which consists of salts and waste materials; evaporates on the surface of the skin with cooling effect on the animal

Sebaceous gland

generally associated w/ the hair and opens into the