World Geography (9th Grade) - Chapter 12-14 Vocab Terms (25) -

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25 Terms

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massif

a body of mountain ranges formed by fault-line activity

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tungsten

an extremely rare heavy-metal element essential in high-tech industry

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city-state

an independently governed community consisting of a city and the surrounding lands, notably present in ancient Greece

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Renaissance

rebirth; the period in European civilization characterized by a surge of interest in classical learning and values

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complementarity

relationship between two places in which one produces something the other needs, resulting in an exchange

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pollution hot spot

a location where pollution and other human activities have led to the degradation, or even death, of an ecosystem

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karst

terrain dominated by limestone bedrock and characterized by rocky ground, caves, sinkholes, underground rivers, and the absence of surface streams and lakes

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shatter belt

a region where political alliances are constantly splintering and fracturing based on ethnicity

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Balkanization

division of a region into smaller regions

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ethnic cleansing

the expelling from a country or genocide of an ethnic group

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reforestation

the action of renewing forest cover (as by natural seeding or by the artificial planting of seeds or young trees)

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meltwater

water formed by melting snow and ice

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chernozem

rich, black topsoil found in the Northern European Plain, especially in Russia and Ukraine

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permafrost

permanently frozen layer of soil beneath the surface of the ground

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continentality

effect of extreme variation in temperature and very little precipitation within the interior portions of a landmass

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czar

ruler of Russia until the 1917 revolution; originally from Latin word Caesar, title of Roman emperors

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Russification

in nineteenth and twentieth century Russia and the Soviet Union, a government program that required everyone in the empire to speak Russian and to become a Christian; assignment of some Russian-speaking people to non-Russian ethnic regions

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satellite

a country controlled by another country, notably Eastern European countries controlled by the Soviet Union by the end of World War II

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perestroika

in Russian, "restructuring"; part of Gorbachev's plan for reforming the Soviet economy and government

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glasnost

Russian term for new openness in areas of politics, social issues, and media; part of Gorbachev's reform plans

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black market

illegal trade of scarce or illegal goods, usually sold at high prices

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privatization

a change to private ownership of state-owned companies and industries

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nuclear wastes

by-products of producing nuclear power and weapons

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radioactive material

material contaminated by residue from the generation of nuclear energy and weapons

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pesticide

chemicals used to kill crop-damaging insects, rodents, and other pests