GE2 Finals

Taxation

Taxation

The imposition of compulsory levies on individuals or entities for the support of the government.

Revenue

The income generated by the government through taxes.

Government

The governing body of a country responsible for providing public services and maintaining order.

Compulsory contribution

A mandatory payment required by the government for the support of its services.

Mutuality of support

The reciprocal relationship between the people and the government, where both parties support each other.

Evolution of Philippine Taxation

The development and changes in the tax system in the Philippines over time.

Provision of taxation

The different rules and regulations implemented by the government regarding taxation.

Historical era

A specific period in history characterized by certain events and circumstances.

Changing system of taxation

The modifications and adjustments made to the tax system over time.

Filipinos

The people of the Philippines.

Power of taxation

The inherent and plenary prerogative of the State to impose taxes, limited by the Bill of Rights.

Legislative Department

The branch of government responsible for making laws.

Efficiency

The impact of tax on the allocation of resources.

Equity

The fairness in the distribution of income through taxation.

Property taxes

Taxes imposed on the property owned by individuals.

Excise taxes

Taxes imposed on merchandise, products, or certain types of transactions.

Estate tax

A tax imposed on the estate of a deceased person before the distribution of property to heirs.

Inheritance tax

A tax imposed on individuals who inherit property.

Sales tax

A tax imposed on certain goods and services.

Corporate tax

An excise tax imposed on businesses conducted in the corporate capacity.

Direct tax

A tax assessed on the property, business, or income of the individual who pays the tax.

Indirect tax

A tax levied on commodities before reaching the consumer.

Value-added tax

An indirect tax paid on the value added to a product at each stage of production, distribution, and sales.

Enforced contribution

A tax that is not voluntary and is imposed on individuals without their consent.

Proportionate in character

A tax based on the ability to pay and shared by individuals according to some rule of apportionment.

Levied on persons or property

A tax imposed on individuals or their property.

Jurisdiction

The authority of a state to enforce and collect taxes within its territory.

Law-making body

The legislative branch of government responsible for enacting tax statutes.

Public purpose

The purpose of taxation, which includes supporting the government, administering the law, and paying public expenses.

Evolution of Philippine Taxation

The development and changes in the tax system in the Philippines over time.

Pre-Colonial Taxation

The taxation system in the Philippines before the arrival of the Spaniards.

Subsistence economy

An economy where people produce enough to meet their basic needs.

Tribute

Payment or taxes required by the datus (chieftains) in early Filipino communities.

Alipin

A social class in pre-colonial Philippines that provided labor services and were exempt from paying taxes.

Priestly class

A class of individuals responsible for recording history and keeping track of tributes and taxes in pre-colonial Philippines.

Taxation in Spanish Philippines

The system of taxation in the Spanish period in the Philippines, which aimed to generate resources for the maintenance of the islands.

Tributos

The taxes imposed on the Filipinos during the Spanish period in the Philippines.

Reduccion

The system introduced by the Spaniards to solve the difficulty of revenue collection through tributos by creating pueblos where Filipinos were gathered and awarded plots of land to till.

Encomenderos

Individuals who received rewards from the Spanish crown for their services in handling the settlements in the Philippines.

Cedulas

Certificates of identification required from every resident in the Philippines during the Spanish period, replacing the payment of tribute.

Manila-Acapulco trade

The trade route established through galleons between Manila and Acapulco, which improved the economy of the Philippines and reinforced Spanish control.

Situado real

Subsidy from the Mexican treasury to the Philippines delivered through the galleons, which was needed after Mexico became independent in 1820.

Direct taxes

Taxes imposed on urban income, including Urbana (tax on the annual rental value of urban real estate) and Industria (tax on salaries, dividends, and profits).

Indirect taxes

Taxes imposed on exports and imports, such as customs duties, to raise revenue.

State monopolies

Monopolies controlled by the colonial government, including the sale of stamped paper, liquor, cockpits, opium, and tobacco.

Polo y Servicio

Forced labor required from the Filipinos during the Spanish colonial period, used for defending the territory and labor-intensive activities.

Land tax

Tax levied on both urban and rural real estates during the American period in the Philippines.

Internal Revenue Law of 1904

Law passed in response to the problems of collecting land tax, which prescribed ten major sources of revenue for the American government in the Philippines.

Bankers

Individuals or institutions that provide financial services such as lending, investment, and managing money.

Document stamp taxes

Taxes imposed on certain legal documents, such as contracts or deeds, based on their value or type.

Cedula

A form of identification or certificate used in the Philippines, often associated with a tax payment.

Taxes on insurance and insurance companies

Taxes levied on insurance premiums or the profits of insurance companies.

Taxes on forest products

Taxes imposed on the extraction or sale of products derived from forests, such as timber or non-timber forest products.

Mining concessions

Rights granted to individuals or companies to explore and extract minerals from a specific area, often subject to taxes or royalties.

Tax on business and manufacturing

Taxes imposed on the profits or activities of businesses and manufacturers.

Occupational licenses

Licenses or permits required for individuals to engage in certain occupations or professions, often subject to fees or taxes.

Income tax

A tax imposed on individuals or entities based on their income or profits.

Inheritance tax

A tax imposed on the transfer of property or assets from a deceased person to their heirs or beneficiaries.

Turnover tax

A tax imposed on the total sales or turnover of a business or industry.

Dividends

Payments made to shareholders of a company from its profits, often subject to taxation.

Import substitution development

A policy aimed at promoting domestic industries by reducing reliance on imported goods through the imposition of tariffs or other trade barriers.

Corporate tax rates

Taxes imposed on the profits of corporations or businesses.

Regressive tax

A tax system where the burden falls more heavily on lower-income individuals or households compared to higher-income individuals or households.

Corruption

Dishonest or unethical behavior by individuals in positions of power, often involving the misuse of public funds or resources.

Marcos authoritarian regime

Refers to the period of Ferdinand Marcos' rule in the Philippines characterized by his strong authoritarian leadership style.

Tax system

Refers to the system of laws, regulations, and procedures that govern the collection and allocation of taxes in a country.

Regressive tax

Refers to a tax system where the tax rate decreases as the taxable amount increases, resulting in a higher tax burden on lower-income individuals.

Indirect taxes

Refers to taxes imposed on goods and services, such as sales tax or value-added tax (VAT), which are ultimately passed on to the consumer.

Tax yield

Refers to the total amount of tax revenue generated by a tax system.

Tax effort

Refers to the ratio between the actual tax collection and the predictable taxable capacity of a country's economy.

Corazon Aquino

Refers to the first female president of the Philippines who took office after the EDSA Revolution in 1986 and implemented tax reforms.

Value-added tax (VAT)

Refers to a consumption tax imposed on the value added at each stage of production and distribution of goods and services.

Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR)

Refers to the government agency responsible for the assessment and collection of internal revenue taxes in the Philippines.

Fidel Ramos

Refers to the president of the Philippines from 1992 to 1998 who implemented tax reforms under the Comprehensive Tax Reform Program.

Comprehensive Tax Reform Program

Refers to a tax reform program implemented by the Ramos administration to make the tax system broad-based, simple, and with reasonable tax rates.

Expanded Value Added Tax (E-VAT)

Refers to an expansion of the value-added tax base in the Philippines, which included additional products and services subject to VAT.

Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo

Refers to the president of the Philippines who succeeded Joseph Estrada and implemented tax reforms, including the E-VAT law.

Sin Tax Reform

Refers to the adjustment of excise taxes on liquor and cigarettes in the Philippines for fiscal, public health, and social order considerations.

Benigno Aquino III

Refers to the president of the Philippines from 2010 to 2016 who implemented tax reforms without imposing new taxes.

TRAIN law

Refers to the Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion law implemented under the Duterte administration to lower income tax rates and make other tax reforms.

Cyberspace

Refers to the virtual computer world and the electronic medium used for online communication and data exchange activities.

Cyberspace

The virtual space where information is accessed and shared online.

Plagiarism

Using someone else's work or ideas without giving proper credit.

Search engine

A website or software that allows users to search for information on the internet.

Search string

A combination of words used in a search engine to find specific results.

Google Scholar

A platform for scholarly research that provides access to academic articles, institutional repositories, and book chapters.

Google Books

A platform that provides access to scanned books, allowing users to read certain chapters for free.

Wikipedia

An open-source encyclopedia that allows anyone to contribute or edit articles.

Project Gutenberg

The oldest digital library in the world, providing free access to scanned copies of books and other materials.

Internet Archive

An online library that offers digital versions of various works, including books, texts, audio recordings, videos, images, and software programs.

Primary sources

Documents or materials that were created during the period of interest.

Secondary sources

Documents or materials that were created later on and are based on the analysis of primary sources.

Libraries

Repositories for preserving and maintaining historical documents, including books, manuscripts, photos, paintings, and more.

Archives

Institutions that collect, store, preserve, and make available records and primary sources related to history.

Library catalog

A register of all bibliographic items found in a particular library or group of libraries, listing books, journals, maps, and other materials.

National Library of the Philippines

A library in Manila that provides a rich collection of materials, especially in the Filipiniana section, for studying Philippine history.

National Archives of the Philippines

An agency that collects, stores, preserves, and provides access to records and primary sources related to the history and development of the Philippines.

Archives

Collections of historical documents and records that are preserved for research purposes.

Filipiniana

Resources, materials, and collections related to the Philippines and its history.

Theses

Research papers written by students to obtain an academic degree.