Fake test flash cards (Concise)

Musical Beat

A perceived regular pulse that supports synchronized movement.

Human Beat Perception (Predictive Nature)

Considered predictive because tapping typically precedes the physical beat.

ASAP Model of Beat Perception

Proposes beat perception occurs when motor planning regions simulate periodic movement to predict auditory timing.

Auditory-Motor Coupling (ASAP Model)

Strengthened in humans partly due to the evolution of vocal learning mechanisms.

Enhanced Vibrotactile Beat Perception in Deaf Individuals

Occurs due to recruitment of auditory cortex during tactile processing.

Brain Activation for Musical Pleasure

Reliably activates the mesolimbic dopamine system.

Musical Anhedonia

Reduced sensitivity to musical reward despite normal perception of music and reward sensitivity to other stimuli.

Musical Pleasure (Prediction/Reward Error Theories)

Arises when actual musical events differ moderately from expected events.

Cognitivist View (Cannon-Baird) on Musical Emotion

Emotional response to music occurs after cognitive appraisal of musical events.

Emotivist View (James-Lange) on Musical Emotion

Emotion arises when bodily changes occur first and are interpreted as emotion.

Huron's ITPRA Model (Prediction Phase)

Involves comparing the actual event with what was expected.

Juslin's Multiple Mechanisms Theory

Includes several mechanisms of musical emotion (brainstem reflex, conditioning, imagery, memory, expectancy, entrainment, simulation).

Mas-Herrero et al. (2021) Main Goal

To causally test the role of fronto-striatal circuits in musical pleasure.

iTBS over Left DLPFC effects

Increased musical pleasure and monetary valuation of music.

Strongest Evidence for Music-Based Interventions

Movement/speech rehabilitation, stress reduction, and social bonding.

MedRhythms Approach

Uses auditory rhythm cues adapted to the patient's gait for rehabilitation after stroke.

Iso Principle

Matching the client's current mood and gradually shifting toward a desired mood using music.

The Bonny Method (Therapist's Role)

To guide moment-to-moment imagery and reflection.

Performance Expression & Improvisation

Best understood as points along a continuum of real-time musical creativity.

Singer's Formant

An energy peak around 2.5-3 kHz allowing projection over an orchestra.

Group Singing Physiological Effects

Increases in salivary oxytocin and increased pain thresholds.

Limitation of Music Training Cognitive Benefit Studies

Many studies are correlational rather than experimental.

OPERA Hypothesis (Precision)

Music requires greater accuracy of neural encoding than speech.

Synchrony in Prosocial Behavior

Temporal alignment promotes feelings of closeness and cooperation.