AP World History Mid Time Period 3

What was the Scientific Revolution?

It is a major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.

1687 (HUB Date)

Newton published his 'Universal Law of Gravitation". It represents the end of the Scientific Revolution and for over a century before, various scientists focusing mostly on the field of astronomy had provided the foundation to Newton's laws of gravity.

What was the Enlightenment and how did it come to be?

The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement (late 17th-18th centuries) that focused on reason and science over faith and tradition. It promoted individual rights and skepticism toward the established power of the Church and absolute governments. This way of thinking often inspired reforms in politics, society, and economics, sometimes leading to revolutions.

1748 (HUB Date)

Baron de Montesquieu writes, The Spirit of the Laws (1748). It is considered a major achievement of the Enlightenment because it used logic and reason to suggest ways to improve human society. Montesquieu argued strongly for modern political concepts that protect individual freedom, primarily a constitutional government and the separation of powers (dividing government into different branches to prevent tyranny). Furthermore, he advocated for the ending of slavery and the protection of civil liberties under a fair legal system.

How did the Enlightenment look to reform society?

Enlightenment ideas and religious ideals influenced various reform movements. These reform movements contributed to the expansion of rights, like suffrage, and the end of slavery and serfdom.

How did the Enlightenment impact gender rights?*

While gender rights were ignored by many Enlightenment thinkers, demands for women's suffrage and feminism challenged political and gender hierarchies during the Enlightenment. For example, the Seneca Falls Conference of 1848 called to rally for women’s rights and suffarage.

What was liberalism in the 19th C?

Disillusioned with monarchs and empires, a new political ideology emerged that encouraged the development of systems of government that promoted rights and equality amongst citizens, including democracy. It developed in response to the Enlightenment and was a driving influence in all of the Atlantic Revolutions.

Describe the Atlantic Revolutions.*

Inspired by the Enlightenment and liberal thought, colonial subjects in the Americas and subjects to the French monarchs led a series of rebellions inspired by democratic ideals. The American Revolution, successful separation from its colonial masters, was a model and inspiration for a number of the revolutions that followed. (e.g. other Atlantic Revolutions: French Revolution, Haitian Revolution, Latin American independence movements)

Identify the significant 'Revolutionary Documents' inspired by the Enlightenment.

The U.S. "Declaration of Independence" , the French "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen", and Bolívar's "Letter from Jamaica" on the eve of the Latin American revolutions

1789 (HUB Date)

The French Revolution begins. ~ Represents the era of the Atlantic Revolutions. While the American Revolution comes before and the Revolutions in Haiti and Latin America will arise later, all deal with implementation of the ideals of the Enlightenment.

Describe Nationalism.

People around the world developed a new sense of commonality/togetherness based on common language, religion, social customs, and territory. This was often harnessed by governments to foster a sense of unity in the time 1750-1900. After the early 1900s nationalism becomes an ugly force often used to inspire acts or racism, genocide, etc.

Why did nationalism sometimes lead to calls for political unifications (c. 1750-1900)?*

Often there were demands calling for a political unification of those sharing a common national identity. These national communities sharing common language, religion, and customs often desired to link their national identity with borders of their own state. (e.g. - German and Italian unifications, Ottomanism)

Why did nationalism sometimes lead to calls for sovereignty for groups within larger empires (c.1750-1900)?*

These nationalists challenged existing boundaries within larger empires, calling for self-determination and sovereignty for new nations to be carved out from multinational empires. (e.g. - Maori nationalism and the New Zealand wars, Puerto Rico, Balkan nationalisms (vs. Austria-Hungary))

What was the Industrial Revolution?

It is a time from roughly mid 18th- late 19th Century as production changed from home based to factory based while the energy moved from human, animal and wind power to water and steam.

Where did the Industrial Revolution begin and why did it begin there?

It began in England due to the availability of workers, numerous natural resources (most notably coal, iron and timber), an expansive canal system and easily navigable rivers, a large number of wealthy individuals willing to invest capital in new businesses, and a government that encouraged entrepreneurship and protected private property.

How did the development of the factory system impact the organization of production and labor during the Industrial Revolution?

The development of the factory system concentrated production in a single location and led to an increasing degree of specialization of labor.

1765 (HUB Date)

James Watt invents the Steam Engine. ~ Represents the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. Here, the steam engine burns coal to boil water which forces a piston to turn a wheel that drives a mechanical device to perform work. By 1800, there were more than 1800 steam engines in Great Britain.

Describe how industrial production spread around the world.

Industrialization was a gradual process that spread throughout Western Europe to Russia and then to the United States and Japan.

Describe how the First Industrial Revolution led to a shift of the worldwide balance of power.*

The rapid development of industry in Europe and the U.S. contributed to the increase in their share of global manufacturing and economic power. However, Middle Eastern and Asian countries lost some of their share in global manufacturing. (e,g. - Decline of Middle Eastern and Asian share in manufacturing: Shipbuilding in India and Southeast Asia, Iron works in India, Textile production in India)

What new energy sources developed during the Industrial Revolution?

The development of machines, including steam engines (earlier) and the internal combustion engine (later), made it possible to use energy stored in fossil fuels, specifically coal and oil.

Describe the 'Second Industrial Revolution'.

The "second industrial revolution" led to new methods in the production of steel, chemicals, electricity, and precision machinery during the second half of the 19th century. The spread of industrialization outside of Europe and N. America accelerated during this time period.

Describe the impacts of the transportation and communication innovations of the Industrial Revolution.*

New innovations in transportation and communication made exploration, economic growth, and communication possible, which led to increased trade and migration. Eventually, these innovations will also allow European states to extend their control over places in Africa and Asia. (e.g. of innovations: Railroads, steamships, and the telegraph)

How did industrialization grow outside of Europe?*

As the Industrial Revolution grew, a small number of states promoted their own government organized version of industrialization. (e.g. - State-sponsored industrialization: Muhammad Ali's development of a cotton textile industry in Egypt, Meiji Restoration in Japan)

Describe the Meiji Restoration in Japan.

Following an era of Japanese isolationism, the expansion of U.S. and European influence in Asia threatened Japanese culture and sovereignty. This led to internal reform in Japan that led to government sponsorship of industrialization and allowed Japan to become a regional power.

1868 (HUB Date)

Marks the beginning of the Meiji Restoration. ~ Represents the beginning of an era of a growing and heightened nationalism around the world. Governments use nationalism as a way to legitimize and consolidate their authority and this will eventually lead to expansionist actions in the coming decades. The spread of industrialization outside of W. Europe eventually allowed for the development of industrialized militaries. (In the 30 years after this time examples of nationalism can be seen in Italian and German Unification, the American Civil War, Ottomanism, Russification)

Describe how industrialization changed the economic policies practiced by nation-states c. 1750-1900.

Western European countries began abandoning mercantilism and adopting free trade policies by removing tariffs and restrictions to trade. This was partly in response to the growing acceptance of Adam Smith's theories regarding capitalism and free markets. The growth of a newly wealthy middle class drove this trend so they could access more wealth and access to business opportunities.

Describe how industrialization led to the development of limited-liability corporations c. 1750-1900.

Industrialization in the period c. 1750-1900 necessitated vast amounts of money for large-scale enterprises, leading to the development of limited-liability corporations (LLC), which allowed investors to pool resources while limiting their financial risk to the amount of their investment. This structure encouraged investment by protecting personal assets, fostering economic growth, and enabling the expansion of industries and infrastructure. Stock markets allowed investors to buy and sell shares of ownership in these corporations.

How did limited-liability corporations (LLCs) change the size and scope of business operations c. 1750-1900?*

The global nature of trade and production along with the need for vast amounts of investment to fund contributed to the growth of these multinational LLCs. (e.g. - Multinational LLCs: Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC), Unilever Corporation)

What kinds of reforms did governments institute in response to the development of industrialized societies c. 1750-1900?

Governments responded to industrialization c. 1750-1900 by enacting labor laws to improve working conditions, such as regulations on hours, safety, and child labor, and by implementing public health measures to combat urban overcrowding and disease. Additionally, they introduced educational reforms to enhance literacy and technical skills, and established social welfare programs to support the poor and unemployed.

How did socialism develop as a reaction to industrialization circa 1750-1900?

Frustrated with existing forms of government that didn't effectively address the living and working conditions of the working class, socialism spread across the globe. Socialism calls for the 'collective ownership of the means of production' and calls for heavy government regulation that attempts to flatten out the extremes of the industrialized social hierarchy. Over time, this idea was replaced with an approach encouraging workers to take control and create a classless society; this theory was articulated by Karl Marx and Fredrich Engels.

Describe the ideas and impact of Karl Marx and Marxism (communism).

A 19th Century philosopher, he developed an extreme version of socialism that called for a violent revolution from workers overthrowing the owner class and establishing a classless society (a society of pure equality). In the 20th century, communist revolutions will take place and create communist societies in places like Russia, China, North Korea, and Vietnam.

How did China react to the movement of world-wide industrialization in the late 1800s?

Following aggressive attempts by industrialized European nations to force open Chinese ports, the Qing (ching) Dynasty enacted the "Self-Strengthening Movement" which attempted to introduce western technology in the hopes of modernizing the nation and pushing back against Europe. It mostly failed as China remained an agrarian society centered on Confucian thought and eventually led to the collapse of the dynastic system.

How did the growth of European wealth and power impact the Ottoman Empire c. 1750-1900?

In the late 1800s, the Ottoman empire was now smaller, weaker, and in debt became known as the "Sick Man of Europe. Threatened by Austria and Russia and manipulated by the British and French, the Ottomans were often not in control of their own destiny. During the mid 1800s, the Ottomans attempted a series of reforms for modernization called the Tanzimat (Turkish 'Reorganization'). These reforms were largely unsuccessful.

How did workers attempt to reform industrialized societies c. 1750-1900?

In industrialized states, many workers organized themselves, often in labor unions, to improve working conditions, limit hours, and gain higher wages. Workers' movements and political parties emerged in different areas, promoting alternative visions of society.

Describe the impact of industrialization on social class structure.

New social classes, including the middle class and the industrial working class, developed. The development of industrial capitalism led to increased standard of living for some, and continued improvements in manufacturing increased the availability, affordability and variety of consumer goods.

How did gender roles change in the Industrial Age?

Women and often children in working class families typically held jobs in factories to help their families' income. Middle-class women were increasingly limited to roles in the household and roles focused on child rearing which is often known as the 'Cult of Domesticity'.

Describe the impacts of the rapid urbanization during the industrial era c. 1750-1900.

The rapid urbanization led to a variety of challenges, including pollution, poverty, increased crime, public health crises, housing shortages, and insufficient infrastructure to accommodate urban growth.