Immunology and Serology exam 1 review: Intro to the immune system, Immunity and types of Cells involved

About types of immunity, types of cells involved in the immune reponse

Which type of immunity is nonspecific? also described as natural immunity

Innate immunity

Innate immunity is associated with

Inflammation and activated macrophages (phagocytosis)

Adaptive immunity is

specific

Innate Immunity major components, other than inflammation include

Phagocytes, Cytokine production from NK cells, Complement system

Cells that can play a role in innate immunity include

macrophages, NK cells, monocytes 

Which immune response has a higher peak response?

Secondary

Compared to innate immunity, adaptive immunity has what type of secondary response?

Adaptive immunity has a higher and faster secondary response

The affinity in secondary response for adaptive immunity can be described as what?

Increased

What is the best description of the interactions between T lymphocytes and APCs? (Antigen presenting cells)

T cells recognize the peptide bound to MHC molecules on antigen presenting cells

What are the benefits of clonal selection?

Eliminates self-reactive cells and expands cells specific to antigen to generate better responses

Why would the lack of a secondary co-stimulatory signal be essential between APCs cell surface molecules and T cells?

so that the T cell can respond to the antigen in the future

To prevent the T cell from becoming anergic (unable to respond to antigen in the future), what must the APC have on their cell surface?

Specific signal + Co-stimulatory signal

What makes an antigen more immunogenic (producing an immune response)

More complex composition, denatured antigens, particulate/aggregated antigens, larger antigens, more foreign/dissimilar

Autoimmunization is defined as

the development of an immune response against self-antigen

Hypersensitivity reactions can be generated by which conditions?

AIDS, allergies, Asthma

Example of isoimmunization, a condition where immune response against another individual is generated?

Blood transfusions and graft rejections

Myeloid cells include

granulocytes, red blood cells, and platelets

Myeloid cells include granulocytes. What cells are classified as granulocytes?

Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), monocytes, macrophages, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells

The type of tissue where cells of the immune system develop and mature before they are released into the circulation are

Primary lymphoid tissue (bone marrow and thymus)

The type of tissue where lymphocytes migrate, antigens localize to, and are optimal for the generation of adaptive immune responses are

secondary lymphoid tissue (MALT, tonsils, lymph nodes, GALT, Spleen)

CD3

found on T cells, associated with T cell antigen receptor

CD4 is found on

T helper cells (CD3+ and CD4+)

CD8

found on cytotoxic T cells (CD3+ and CD8+)

What can phagocytes produce that can also kill potential pathogens?

toxic oxygen radicals

When the pathogen is engulfed by a membrane sac known as a phagosome, what does it fuse with to kill the pathogen?

lysosome

A patient is experiencing acute inflammation, it would be expected that there would be in increase in what in their blood?

Polymorphonuclear neutrophils

What are innate immune functions of monocytes/macrophages?

microbial killing, phagocytosis, anti-tumor activity, intracellular parasite eradication, removing post-inflammation debris

The adaptive function of monocytes/macrophages are

to pick up antigens, process them into peptides, then “present” them to T cells for their subsequent recognition and activation

The main cell(s) involved with parasitic immunity and allergies would be

Mast cells, basophils, eosinophils

Relationship between Mast cell and IgE

Mast cell binds to IGE and pre-arms the cells to respond, so recognition of parasite/allergen initiates degranulation and activation of the cells

Histamine release by mast cells causes

local vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction (bronchospasms, diarrhea, vomiting)

along with histamines, mast cells produce

leukotrienes, prostaglandins

Basophils reside in ______ while mast cells reside in ______

circulation; tissues

What receptors do eosinophils express to allow them to recognize “targeted” parasites?

IgE and IgG

the components in an eosinophil’s cytoplasm can be toxic to helminths

Major basic protein and eosinophil cationic protein

When a naive B or T cell recognizes a pathogen, what do they do?

activate then differentiate into effector or memory cells

how do CTL (Cytotoxic T lymphocytes) kill virus infected cells/cancer cells?

They induce apoptosis in the target cell

These cells are CD8+ positive

CTL cells

Natural Killer T cells do not recognize specific antigens, making them involved in what type of immunity?

innate

which type of dendritic cell is the more potent form?

Classic/conventional

What do the Classic dendritic cells do with T cells

these cells deliver a co-stimulatory signal so T cells can be activated

Follicular dendritic cells perform this function that Classical ones do not

They aid in the stimulation, maturation, and differentiation of B cells; all of which are done in the germinal center of the lymphoid tissues

how do follicular dendritic cells influence the interactions between Th and B cells in the germinal centers?

Th cells stimulate B cells to proliferate and differentiate

in the germinal center, what type of APC is involved with helping Th cells stimulate B cells to proliferate and differentiate?

Follicular dendritic cells

Spleen function

filters blood

lymph nodes function 

filters lymph

what structures are associate with MALT?

Peyer’s patches, tonsils and adenoids in upper respiratory tract, Bronchial lymphoid tissue