Bio trimester 1

Electronegativity

a measure of an atom’s ability to pull electrons away from another atom

Polar molecule

A molecule with a positive and a negative end

Example of polar molecule

Water (2 positive, 1 negative)

Nonpolar molecule

A molecule with no negative or positive end

Example of non polar molecule

Table salt(sodium chloride)

what do polar molecules do when placed in water?

They dissolve in water

What do non polar molecules do when placed in water?

they do not dissolve in water(oil)

Intermolecular bond

Bond between 2 molecules ( Hydrogen bonds)

Intramolecular bonds

within a molecule ( Holds atoms together to make a molecule) Covalent bonds

ionic bonds

chemical bond where an atom is transferred

Atomic mass - atomic number=

Number of neutrons

Covelant bond

Sharing of electrons

Polar covalent bonds

Atoms are shared unevenly

Polar hydroliphic head does what

Orient towards the water

Chlorophyll

Pigment that captures and converts light energy to chemical energy to be used or stored

Where does photosynthesis take place

The chloroplast

Where is chlorophyll located

In the thylakoids

Thylakoids

Highly folded inner membrane of chloroplast

Grana

Stack of thylakoids

Stroma

Fluid that surrounds thylakoids

Picture of chloroplast

Photosynthesis equation

Carbon dioxide + water + light = glucose + oxygen

How many steps is photosynthesis

2 steps

What are the steps of photosynthesis called

Light reactions - occur in the thylakoids

Calvin Cycle(dark phase reactions) - occur in the stroma

What goes into the light reactions

Water - providing electrons

Sunlight- energy

What comes out of the light reactions

Oxygen - Released

ATP - produced

NADPH - produced

Picture of light reactions

Function of light reactions

Make ATP(provides energy) And Make NADPH(provides electrons/ electron carrier) for Calvin cycle reactions

What is absorbed and released in light reactions

Light is absorbed and water is released

Where does the Calvin cycle take place

The stroma

What is absorbed in the Calvin cycle

Carbon dioxide(Co2)

What is the ATP and NADPH produced from the light reactions used for in the Calvin cycle

It’s used to create sugars for the plant.

Glucose is produced

Where does the Calvin cycle get carbon dioxide from

The air

Picture of Calvin cycle

How many carbons are in glucose

6

Calvin reaction summary

____ molecules diffuse into a plant cell and chloroplast

The enzyme _________ attaches a carbon from Co2 to the 5 carbon RuBP forming an unstable 6 carbon molecule which splits into 2 molecules of PGA

Each PGA gets ___________ and ____________, forming PGAL, a 3 carbon intermediate molecule

Two PGAL’s combine to form a _______, the remaining PGAL’s regenerate RuBP

Co2 molecules diffuse into a plant cell and chloroplast

The enzyme rubisco attaches a carbon from Co2 to the 5 carbon RuBP forming an unstable 6 carbon molecule which splits into 2 molecules of PGA

Each PGA gets phosphate from ATP and electrons from NADPH, forming PGAL, a 3 carbon intermediate molecule

Two PGAL’s combine to form a glucose, the remaining PGAL’s regenerate RuBP

What goes in of the Calvin cycle

Co2

ATP

NADPH

What comes out of the Calvin cycle

Glucose

ADP

NADP+

Photosynthesis reactions summary photo

Mesophyll

Photosynthetic cells in leaves

Stomata

Openings on the leaf where gases are exchanged + transportation occurs

Guard cells

Function in pairs to open and close stomata

Picture of leaf anatomy

Function of Xylem

Transport of water and nutrients from the roots of the leaves

One way flow

Water and minerals

Function of Phloem

Transport glucose to where it’s needed

Two way flow

Water and food(glucose)

Function of root hairs

Increase surface areA for water and nutrient absorbtion

Photo of xylem and phloem

Meristems

Undifferentiated cells that can grow into various plant tissues

Lateral meristems

Cause secondary growth(widening of plant)

It makes it fatter

Apical meristems

Causes primary growth(lengthening of the plant)

Male reproductive plant parts

Stamen

Anther

Filament

Female reproductive plant parts

Carpel

Stigma

Style

Ovary

What part of the plant becomes fruit

The ovule

Purpose of cellular respiration

Make ATP

What are the 2 types of cellular respiration

Aerobic

Anaerobic

Aerobic respiration

Requires oxygen to make ATP, makes about 32-38

Anaerobic respiration

Doesn’t require oxygen to make ATP.

Makes 2 ATP

Occurs only in cytoplasm.

How does aerobic respiration differ from photosynthesis

Products of photosynthesis are the reactants of aerobic respiration

Aerobic respiration equation

glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water

in photosynthesis, ____ splits, ___ is released, __ and ______ are produced.

in photosynthesis, water splits, O2 is released, H+ and electrons are produced

Electron carriers in aerobic respiration

NADPH

FADH

What happens in aerobic respiration

O2 accepts electrons, combining with H+ to form water.

How did electrons get transported in photosynthesis

NADPH

Where does cellular respiration occur

The mitochondria

The 3 steps of Aerobic respiration

Glycolysis

Krebs cycle

Electron transport chain

Where does Glycolysis occur

the cytoplasm

Where does the Krebs cycle occur

The mitochondrial matrix

Where does the electron transport chain occur

Occurs at the inner membrane

Krebs cycle

the Kreb's cycle occurs in the matrix and the purpose is to transfer the energy from the bonds of glucose into high energy electron carriers NADH and FADH2 which will then take those electrons to the ETC to make ATP.

Outputs of the krebs cycle

6 Co2

2 ATP

8 NADPH

2 FADH2

Glycolysis info

Net atp = 2

Electron carriers = 2 nadh

Krebs cycle info

Net atp = 2

Electron carriers = 8 NADH, 2FADH2

Electron transport chain info

Net atp = 32

Electron carriers = none

Glycolysis

Splits a glucose molecule into 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH and 4 ATP also form. An investment of 2 ATP began the reactions, so the net yield is 2 ATP

Electron Transport chain

the reduced coenzymes give up electrons and hydrogen ions to electron transfer chains in the inner mitochondrial mem-brane. Energy lost by the electrons as they move through the chains is used to move H† across the membrane. The resulting gradient causes Ht to flow through ATP synthases, which drives ATP synthesis.

Glucose’s role in aerobic respiration

Source of energy(electrons)

NADH,FADH2’s role in aerobic respiration

electron carriers that Transport high energy electrons to the ETC- electron transport chain

H+’s role in aerobic respiration

Powers ATP synthase by flowing down its concentration gradient

ATP synthase

Makes ATP when H+ flows through it

O2’s role in aerobic respiration

Final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain (etc)

H2O’s role in aerobic respiration

Created as a product when oxygen accept electrons and bonds with 2H+

How does anaerobic respiration differ from aerobic respiration

No oxygen required

Only in cytoplasm

Only makes 2 ATP

What happens to our muscles when we can’t keep up with the O2 supply?

Anaerobic respiration occurs and lactic acid builds up

Where does alcoholic fermentation occur

In the cytoplasm during glycolisis

What are the products of alcoholic fermentation

Alcohol (ethanol)

Co2

2 ATP

What is alcoholic fermentation conducted by?

Yeasts

where does lactic acid fermentation occur

In the cytoplasm during glycolysis

What is lactic acid fermentation conducted by?

Mammals, some bacteria

What are the products of lactic acid fermentation

Lactic acid

2 ATP

Ex(milk products)

Integral proteins

Embedded in cell membrane

Peripheral proteins

Not embedded in cell membrane

Cell membrane

Consists of lipid bilayer, regulates what gets into the cell.

What molecules are embedded with the lipid bilayer

Cholesterol,proteins,glycoproteins,glycolipids

Mosaic

Makes up many smaller pieces

How are phospholipids chemically bonded to one another

They aren’t

What does cholesterol do between phospholipids in the cell membrane

It helps stabilize it.

What the cholesterol in the membrane do at higher temps

Keeps it more solid, keeps it from “melting”

What the cholesterol in the membrane do at lower temps

Helps keep membrane more fluid, prevents it from “freezing”