Organs - Systems and Functions

Integumentary

Skin

Skin

1. Covers and protects the body to prevent water loss and keep foreign particles out
2. Keeps you in touch with the environment (nerve endings)
3. Regulates body temperature
4. Gets rid of water by sweat and perspiration

Skeletal

Bones

Ligaments

Tendons

Bones, Ligaments, Tendons

1. Provides shape and support
2. Helps you move by cartilage and ligaments
3. Protects organs with rib cage and vertebrae
4. Produces red and yellow blood cells in Humerus, Femur, Sternum, Pelvis in bone marrow

Muscular

Muscles

Muscles

* Voluntary - skeletal
* Involuntary - smooth and cardiac
* Movement
* Maintains posture
* Produces heat

Nervous System

Brain

Spinal Cord

Nerves

Sense Organs

Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves, and Sense Organs

1. Regulates body activities
2. Detects changes in environment
3. Allows body to respond

Endocrine System Function

Produces hormones that regulate body functions

Endocrine System Structures

Pineal Gland

Thyroid Gland

Parathyroid Gland

Pituitary Gland

Thymus

Pancreas

Adrenal Glands

Ovaries

Testes

Pineal Gland

Produces melatonin-regulates sleep patterns

Thyroid Gland

* Produces T3, T4, and calcitonin
* Increase energy production
* Lowers concentration of calcium in the blood

Parathyroid Gland

* Raises concentration of calcium in the blood
* Reduces Phosphate in the blood

Pituitary Gland

* Master Gland
* ATCH - tells adrenal glands to produce cortisol (stress hormones)
* Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) - stimulates sperm and egg production
* Growth hormone
* Luteinizing Hormone (LH) - stimulates ovulation
* Prolactin - stimulates milk production
* Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) - stimulates thyroid to produce hormones involved in metabolism, energy levels, and nervous system
* Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) - regulates water loss and salt levels
* Oxytocin - labor/control labor and production of sperm

Thymus (ES)

Site of lymphocyte (white blood cells) production and maturation

Pancreas (ES)

* Controls blood sugar levels by releasing insulin which tells cells to absorb sugars making blood sugar decrease or glucagon into blood which tells liver cells to release sugars making blood sugar increase.
* Produces enzymes that empty into upper part of small intestines like Lipase that assists bile (produced by liver) to break down fats, Protease that breaks down proteins, and Amylase breaks down starches
* Gastrin stimulates stomach to make acid while Amylin tells stomach when to empty.

Adrenal Glands

* Cortisol controls the body’s use of fats, proteins, and carbs, suppresses inflammation, regulates blood sugar, regulates wake/sleep cycle
* Epinephrine and Norepinephrine increase heart rate, increase blood flow, and relax airways

Ovaries (ES)

* Estrogen stimulates the growth of eggs, growth of breast tissue, and helps maintain the female reproductive system
* Progesterone will cause the uterine lining to thicken and preps for implanting a fertilized egg.

Testes (ES)

* Testosterone will develop the
* male reproductive structures
* increase skeletal and muscular growth
* enlargement of the larynx (voice box) accompanied by voice changes
* growth and body hair distribution
* Increased sex drive

Circulatory System Function

* Pumps oxygen and nutrients into cells all around the body
* Removes carbon dioxide
* Defend against disease
* Damage repair

Circulatory System Structures

Heart

Blood

Arteries

Veins

Arteries

* Away from the heart
* Carries oxygenated blood out to the body

Veins

* Carries deoxygenated blood to the heart

Capillaries

* Tiny blood vessels with thin walls that allow gas exchange
* Connect arterioles to venules

Heart

* 4 chambers
* Right and left ventricles

Heart Blood Flow

Right atrium→Tricuspid Valve→Right Ventricle→ Pulmonary valve→Lungs→Left Atrium→Bicuspid valve→ Left Ventricle→Aortic Valve→ Aorta

Blood

* Made of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, protein, and plasma
* Cells are produced in bone marrow
* Red blood cells (erythrocytes) carry oxygen
* White blood cells (leukocytes) immune system function
* Platelets involved in the clotting process

Lymphatic System Function

* Return proteins and fluids to blood
* Site of maturation of immune cells

Lymphatic System Structure

Tonsils

Thymus

Spleen

Lymph Nodes

Lymphatic Vessels

Tonsils

* Contains white blood cells; captures germs in the mouth to help fight infections

Thymus (LS)

* Effective in childhood; defund after puberty
* Produces T lymphocytes (white blood cell - fights antigen)

Spleen

* Removes ageing in cells; center for lymphocyte production and storage
* Can survive with out it; liver takes on role

Lymph Nodes

* Manufactures lymphocytes
* Filter lymph fluid

Lymphatic Vessles

* One way system: pass lymph fluid through nodes and converges into ducts that empty into veins of circulatory system

Respiratory System Function

* Transfers oxygen and carbon dioxide
* Nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and diaphragm
* Epiglottis prevents food from traveling into trachea
* Bronchi branch into smaller and smaller bronchiotes, which end in alveoli (air sacs)

Digestive System Function

* Physical and chemical breakdown of food
* absorbs nutrients
* Eliminates waste

Digestive System Structures

Mouth

Salivary Glands

Esophagus

Stomach

Small Intestines

Liver

Gall Bladder

Pancreas

Large Intestines

Rectum

Anus

Mouth

* Tongue - move food around
* Teeth - grind, chew, and shred food

Salivary Glands

* Produces saliva - moistens the food

Esophagus

* Smooth muscle **(**involuntary**)** contractions push food down to stomach

Stomach

* Churns and processes food
* Hydrochloride acid and pepsin are added to produce chime
* Pyloric sphincter (pylorus)releases chime slowly into small intestines

Small Intestines

* Absorption of nutrients (lots of folds to increase surface area)

Liver

* Produces bile
* Assists in food breakdown
* Metabolizes drugs

Gall Bladder

* Stores bile for release into duodenum (small intestines)
* Can survive without it
* Bile drips into digestive system instead of storage

Pancreas (DS)

* Produces enzymes required for digestion

Large Intestines

* Colon - Extract water and bile salt
* Creates Feces

Rectum

* Stores feces

Anus

Expels waste

Urinary System Function

* Produces, stores, and eliminates urine
* Removes urea and other metabolic wastes
* Reabsorbs water, sugars, and salts before urine is created

Urinary System Structure

Kidneys

Ureters

Bladder

Urethra

Kidneys

* Filters blood
* Removes urea and other metabolic wastes
* Reabsorbs water, sugars and salts before urine is created

Ureters (US)

* Urine flows from renal pelvis into ureters
* Urine flows from ureters into bladder

Bladder

* Muscular sac that stores urine

Urethra

* Muscular tube that connects the bladder to the outside body
* Males - plays a role in reproduction
* Females - sits in front of vaginal opening and no reproductive role

Reproductive System Function

* Production of gametes (sex cells)
* Production of hormones that regulate body processes
* Store and transport gametes

Female Reproductive System Structures

Ovaries

Fallopian Tubes

Uterus

Cervix

Vagina

Ovaries (FRS)

* Located on either side of uterus
* Release eggs into Fallopian tubes
* Produce estrogen and progesterone

Fallopian Tubes

* Connect ovaries to uterus
* Fertilization occurs while eggs are in the Fallopian tubes
* Sperm can survive for 2 to 5 days
* Fertilization typically occurs within 24 hours of ovulation

Uterus

* Flexible and muscular
* Lined by endometrium - shed monthly if no fertilized eggs implants

Cervix

* Muscular tube that closes when pregnant

Vagina

* Tube that connects to outside of the body

Male Reproductive System Structures

Testes

Epididymis

Vas Deferens

Prostate

Seminal Vesicles

Penis

Testes (MRS)

* Produces testosterone and sperm
* Held in the scrotum
* Cool temperature to produce sperm

Epididymis

* Transport sperm from testes to Vas Deferens

Vas Deferens

* Transport sperm from epididymis to urethia

Prostate

* Produces seminal fluid

Seminal Vesicles

* Produces seminal fluid
* Provides protection and nutrition to sperm to transport
* Protects sperm from the immune system of Female Reproductive tract

Penis

* Composed of three cylinders
* 2 sponge-like vascular tissues that fill with blood to erect
* 1 contains the urethra - transport for semen and urine