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missense mutation
A base-pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid.
nonsense mutation
A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein. Terminates early
silent mutation
A mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does not change the amino acid created.
frameshift mutation
involves the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide in the DNA sequence
cancer
can develop when the cell cycle is not regulated
tumor suppressor genes
genes that stop cell division and kill cells that have too many mutations
Proto-oncogenes
genes that are responsible for normal cell growth and division
Apoptosis
programmed cell death that prevents bad cells from making copies of themselves
substitution mutation
A single nucleotide is replaced by a different nucleotide
insertion mutation
a mutation in which one or more nucleotides are added to a gene
deletion mutation
a mutation in which one or more pairs of nucleotides are removed from a gene
cell cycle checkpoints
systems that monitor cells as they progress through various cell cycle stages
G0 Checkpoint
if conditions are not appropriate for the cell to divide or if it is not programmed to divide they are in this phase
point mutation
gene mutation in which a single base pair in DNA has been changed
cell cycle
series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide
Interphase
Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases
S (Synthesis) phase
The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.
G2 (Gap 2) phase
stage of interphase in which cell duplicates its cytosol and organelles. Prepares for mitosis
Chromatin
granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins
Chromosomes
threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
sister chromatids
identical copies of DNA joined together at a centromere to form a duplicated chromosome. created during s-phase of interphase
Mitosis
cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes
Prophase
Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
Anaphase
Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell
Telophase
nuclear membrane reforms around each set of chromosomes.
Daughter cells
Genetically identical cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
cell cycle checkpoints
Points of transition between different phases of the cell cycle, which are regulated by different proteins. Occur at G1, G2, and Metaphase
Cytokinesis
division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells
G1 (Gap 1) Phase
cell grows, makes proteins, and performs its normal cell functions
interphase image
Identify this step of the cell cycle.
prophase image
Identify this step of mitosis.
metaphase image
Identify this step of mitosis.
anaphase image
Identify this step of mitosis.
Telophase image
Identify this step of mitosis.
Cytokinesis (image)
Identify this step of the cell cycle.
stem cells
unspecialized cells that retain the ability to become a wide variety of specialized cells
somatic/body cells
Any cells in the body other than reproductive cells
selective gene expression
the process by which genes are "turned on" or expressed in different cell types
cellular differentiation
the process by which a cell becomes specialized to perform a specific function
embryonic stem cells
undifferentiated cells, which can develop into any type of body cell
adult (somatic) stem cells
stem cells located in tissues that help maintain and regenerate those tissues
induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS)
Any cell, even a highly differentiated cell in the adult body, that has been genetically reprogrammed to mimic the behavior of embryonic stem cells
neoblast
type of stem cell which allows for planarian regeneration.
blastema
a mass of cells capable of growth and regeneration into organs or body parts