Units 8/9 Bio

missense mutation

A base-pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid.

nonsense mutation

A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein. Terminates early

silent mutation

A mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does not change the amino acid created.

frameshift mutation

involves the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide in the DNA sequence

cancer

can develop when the cell cycle is not regulated

tumor suppressor genes

genes that stop cell division and kill cells that have too many mutations

Proto-oncogenes

genes that are responsible for normal cell growth and division

Apoptosis

programmed cell death that prevents bad cells from making copies of themselves

substitution mutation

A single nucleotide is replaced by a different nucleotide

insertion mutation

a mutation in which one or more nucleotides are added to a gene

deletion mutation

a mutation in which one or more pairs of nucleotides are removed from a gene

cell cycle checkpoints

systems that monitor cells as they progress through various cell cycle stages

G0 Checkpoint

if conditions are not appropriate for the cell to divide or if it is not programmed to divide they are in this phase

point mutation

gene mutation in which a single base pair in DNA has been changed

cell cycle

series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide

Interphase

Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases

S (Synthesis) phase

The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.

G2 (Gap 2) phase

stage of interphase in which cell duplicates its cytosol and organelles. Prepares for mitosis

Chromatin

granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins

Chromosomes

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

sister chromatids

identical copies of DNA joined together at a centromere to form a duplicated chromosome. created during s-phase of interphase

Mitosis

cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes

Prophase

Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Anaphase

Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell

Telophase

nuclear membrane reforms around each set of chromosomes.

Daughter cells

Genetically identical cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

cell cycle checkpoints

Points of transition between different phases of the cell cycle, which are regulated by different proteins. Occur at G1, G2, and Metaphase

Cytokinesis

division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells

G1 (Gap 1) Phase

cell grows, makes proteins, and performs its normal cell functions

interphase image

Identify this step of the cell cycle.

prophase image

Identify this step of mitosis.

metaphase image

Identify this step of mitosis.

anaphase image

Identify this step of mitosis.

Telophase image

Identify this step of mitosis.

Cytokinesis (image)

Identify this step of the cell cycle.

stem cells

unspecialized cells that retain the ability to become a wide variety of specialized cells

somatic/body cells

Any cells in the body other than reproductive cells

selective gene expression

the process by which genes are "turned on" or expressed in different cell types

cellular differentiation

the process by which a cell becomes specialized to perform a specific function

embryonic stem cells

undifferentiated cells, which can develop into any type of body cell

adult (somatic) stem cells

stem cells located in tissues that help maintain and regenerate those tissues

induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS)

Any cell, even a highly differentiated cell in the adult body, that has been genetically reprogrammed to mimic the behavior of embryonic stem cells

neoblast

type of stem cell which allows for planarian regeneration.

blastema

a mass of cells capable of growth and regeneration into organs or body parts