The Chemistry of Life

These flashcards cover key concepts related to the chemistry of life, including basic terminology, chemical bonds, and the properties of organic molecules.

Element

A pure substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means into other substances.

Atom

The smallest unit of an element that retains the characteristics of that element.

Molecule

Two or more chemically joined atoms.

Ionic Bonds

Chemical bonds that result from the electrical attraction between positively and negatively charged ions.

Covalent Bonds

Bonds formed when two atoms share electrons.

Valence Shell

The outermost occupied energy shell of an atom that determines its chemical properties.

Hydrogen Bonds

Weak attraction between a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge and another atom with a partial negative charge.

Organic Molecules

Molecules primarily composed of carbon and hydrogen.

Polymers

Large molecules formed by the chemically linking of several repeating units (monomers).

Hydrophobic

Describes substances that do not dissolve in water.

Hydrophilic

Describes substances that readily dissolve in water.

pH Scale

A measure of how acidic or basic a solution is.

Buffer Systems

Pairs of weak acids and bases that resist pH changes.

Dehydration Synthesis

The process by which monomers are joined to form polymers, releasing water.

Hydrolysis

The process of breaking down polymers into monomers by adding water.

Electronegativity

A measure of an atom's ability to attract electrons.

Homeostasis

The process of maintaining a constant internal environment in a living organism.

Trace Elements

Elements required in smaller amounts for life.

Bulk Elements

Elements that make up the majority of living things, represented by CHNOPS.