Human Anatomy Lecture Quiz 3

List the two systems that regulate body function

nervous and endocrine system

what are the atomically divisions of the nervous system?

The central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

what is a ganglion?

knot like swelling in a nerve where cell bodies of neurons are concentrated.

define gangli

knot

what is the difference between a neuron and nerve?

a nerve is a cord made of numerous nerve fibers bound together by connective tissue. A neuron is the basic functional unit of the nervous system, consisting of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon.

what are the properties of nervous tissue?

excitability, conductivity, and secretion

define afferent

nerve fibers that transmit sensory signals to the central nervous system.

define efferent

referring to nerve fibers that carry impulses away from the central nervous system to the body's muscles and glands.

where would sensory, motor, and interneurons be located

sensory neurons: dorsal root of spinal cord or along cranial nerves

motor neurons: within central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)

interneurons: within the spinal cord or brain

what is the difference between a unipolar, bipolar, multipolar, and anaxonal neuron?

Multipolar: have one axon and multiple dendrites

bipolar: have one axon and one dendrite

unipolar: have one process leading away from the soma

anaxonal: multiple dendrites but no axon

what are the different types of neurons based on structure vs location?

Types of neurons based on structure include multipolar, bipolar, unipolar, and anaxonal, while based on location they can be categorized as sensory, motor, or interneurons.

what are each of the connective tissue layers binding nerves together?

The connective tissue layers binding nerves together are the epineurium (outer layer), perineurium (surrounds fascicles), and endoneurium (surrounds individual axons).

what composes the myelin sheath in the CNS and PNS

In the CNS, the myelin sheath is composed of oligodendrocytes, while in the PNS, it is composed of Schwann cells.

what are the nodes of Ranvier?

Gaps between segments of the myelin sheath

what are the different types of glia?

oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia, astrocytes, Schwann cells, satellite cells

what does glia mean?

supporting cells of the nervous system

Where are each of the types of glia located and what are their function?

CNS:

oligodendrites: produces myelin sheath in CNS

ependymal cells: source of cerebrospinal fluid

microglia: used as a sign of neural damage

astrocytes: from blood brain barrier

PNS:

Shwann cells: form the myelin sheath and assist in the regulation of axon

Satellite cells: surround soma in ganglia

what does the spinal cord originate and terminate?

originates in the brainstem and terminates near the first or second lumbar vertebra in adults

would an injury to the L4 lumbar vertebra result in an injury to the spinal cord? why or why not?

An L4 lumbar vertebra injury can lead to a spinal cord injury. The spinal cord typically ends around the L2 vertebra, meaning an injury to L4 is more likely to damage nerves rather than the spinal cord directly

what are the functions of the spinal cord?

conducts information between the peripheral nervous system and brain and between sensory and motor neurons.

how many spinal nerves are there and what kind of neurons are within them?

there are 31 spinal nerves split into 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal

what is the cauda equina?

innervates the pelvis organs and the lower limbs

where does the spinal cord terminate?

at the level of the L1 in adults

where do the sacral nerves sprout from?

the upper and lower limbs

The muscles of the hand and forearm are innervated by spinal nerves from what enlargement?

brachial plexus

what is the difference between grey and white matter?

gray matter is the site of synaptic transmission between neurons in the CNS and white matter is a myelinated bundle of axons called tracts that carry signals from one area of the CNS to another.

the soma of what neurons are located in the dorsal root of ganglion?

primary sensory neurons

where are the soma of motor neurons located?

ventral horn of the spinal cord

does the brachial plexus have both motor and sensory functions?

yes

what is a plexus?

a network of nerves or vessels in the body

How would you assess potential damage of a spinal nerve?

a thorough neurological examination

Loss of sensation on the skin of the lower limbs might indicate damage to what spinal nerves (cervical, lumbar, etc.)?

lumbar and sacral nerves

what is the difference between an ascending and a descending tract?

Ascending tracts carry sensory information up the cord. Descending tracts carry motor impulses down the cord.

Which ascending tract conducts sensations of touch, pressure, and movement of the skin, muscles, tendons, and joints to the brain?

dorsal column

define cauda equina

a bundle of nerve roots located at the lower end of the spinal cord, specifically in the lumbar and sacral areas

what tract is likely damaged if someone cannot lift their arm?

brachial plexus

what tract is involved in the sensation of pain?

spinothalamic tract

define gyrus

a ridge or fold between two clefts on the cerebral surface in the brain.

define sulcus

a groove or furrow, especially one on the surface of the brain.

what areas of the brain are made of gray matter? how do they differ?

Gray matter is found in the outer layer of the brain, the cerebral cortex. gray matter primarily contains neuronal cell bodies, while white matter is composed of axons, which are covered in a fatty insulation called myelin

how might the limbic system be involved in learning?

helps regulate emotional and social processing, as well as learning, motivation, and memory

what is the location of the limbic system?

deep within the brain, specifically in the area surrounding the thalamus and beneath the cerebral cortex

what connects the two hemispheres together

corpus callosum

What are the functions of the categorical and representational hemispheres?

Representational perceives patterns and relationships, and is the site of imagination and artistic skill. Categorical is specialized for spoken and written words, and analytical skills

Consciousness is maintained by what area of the brain? Is this area white or gray matter?

it is maintained by the cerebral cortex and is a layer if gray matter

define hippocampus

stores short term memories that it sends repeatedly to the cerebral cortex to form long term memories

What is the difference between a primary and secondary sensory area?

Primary areas act as the initial entry points for sensory information, receiving direct input from sensory organs or other brain regions.Secondary areas, on the other hand, receive processed information from primary areas and integrate it with other brain regions

What are the functions of primary and secondary sensory areas?

processing sensory information

What % of information coming to your CNS gets placed in long-term memory?

less than 1%

what is an engram

a hypothetical physical trace in the brain that represents a memory.

what is the most complex thing we do?

language

what and where is Brocas area

it produces a motor program in the skeletal muscles of the face and neck to produce speech

what are some examples of integrative functions?

sleep-wake cycle, consciousness, language, thinking, memory, motivation, and emotions

what is learning?

the ability to acquire declarative and procedural memories

what is memory?

the cognitive process that enables the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information and past experiences

where are memories stored?

in engrams or memory traces

what areas of the CNS are involved in memory?

hippocampus, amygdala, prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum

list 3 types of memories

sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

Where are projection, association, and commissural tracts located?

Association: connects gyro within the same hemisphere

projection: connect the cerebrum to the spinal cord

commissural: (corpus collosum) connects the two hemisphere together

what are the 12 cranial nerves?

olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal

which areas of the body, with one exception, do the cranial nerves innervate?

the head and neck with the exception of the vagus nerve

where do cranial nerves arise?

the brain stem with the exception of the first two which arise from the forebrain

which cranial nerve have only sensory function?

olfactory, optic, and vestibulocochlear

which 3 cranial nerves are involved in eye movement

oculomotor, trochlear, and the abducens

what cranial nerve is for vision?

optic

what cranial nerve is for hearing and balance?

vestibulocochlear nerve

what cranial nerves are involved in taste?

facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves

what nerve is used for chewing?

trigeminal nerve

what cranial nerve is involved in smell?

olfactory nerve

Which cranial nerves are motor neurons for the neck, head and face?

trigeminal, facial, accessory, and hypoglossal nerve

Which cranial nerve transmits most autonomic stimuli to the visceral organs?

vagus nerve

What does vagus mean?

wandering

what do glossopharyngeal and hypoglossal mean?

"Glossopharyngeal" refers to anything relating to both the tongue and pharynx . "Hypoglossal" refers to anything under or below the tongue

What are the forms of energy humans can detect?

light, sound,heat

List five general types of receptors and their function.

mechanoreceptors: detect physical changes in cell or receptor shape in response to touch, pressure, vibration, sounds, or tension

thermorecpetors: detect changes in temperature

chemoreceptors: detect changes in concentration: taste, smell, CO2, glucose

photoreceptors: detect light

nociocepters: detect pain and tissue damage and are responsive to one or more stimuli

How can the brain interpret one action potential from another since they are all the same?

through the frequency of firing, the number of neurons firing, and the location and timing of the action potentials

Where are free nerve endings located?

the skin, muscles, joints, vicera

What sensations can free nerve endings detect?

touch, vibration, temperature, pain