cognitive biases

confirmation bias

he tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms or supports one's prior beliefs or values

reason by analogy

A method of reasoning based on the comparison of two similar things, where the similarities between them are used to infer that they likely share additional characteristics or that what is true for one is true for the other.

illusion of control

The tendency for individuals to overestimate their ability to influence events that are objectively determined by chance or are otherwise outside their control.

escalation of commitment

A human behavior pattern in which an individual or group facing increasingly negative outcomes from a decision, action, or investment nevertheless continues the behavior instead of altering course.

theory of bounded reality

s the idea that rationality is limited when individuals make decisions, and under these limitations, rational individuals will select a decision that is satisfactory rather than optimal.^[1

cognitive limitations

We have limited attention spans, memory capacities, and processing power.

representativeness

the similarity of objects or events confuses people’s thinking regarding the probability of an outcome. People frequently make the mistake of believing that two similar things or events are more closely correlated

groupthink

the practice of thinking or making decisions as a group, resulting typically in unchallenged, poor-quality decision-making

devil’s advocacy

critical thinking technique where an individual intentionally takes an opposing viewpoint to challenge prevailing opinions and stimulate discussion.

dialectic inquiry

A structured decision-making process where two opposing points of view (the thesis and the antithesis) are debated to reveal underlying assumptions and achieve a higher-level synthesis.