Chapter Three – Inflammation and Tissue Repair

These flashcards cover key concepts in inflammation and tissue repair, highlighting the body's defense mechanisms, inflammation processes, and healing stages.

What are the three lines of defense the body uses to protect itself from injury and infection?

1. First Line of Defense (Non-specific): physical and chemical barriers. 2. Second Line of Defense (Non-specific): inflammation. 3. Third Line of Defense (Specific/Adaptive): targeted immune response.

What is the primary mechanism of the Second Line of Defense?

Inflammation.

Which cells are involved in the cellular response of acute inflammation?

Neutrophils arrive first, followed by monocytes/macrophages.

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

1. Redness (Rubor) 2. Heat (Calor) 3. Swelling (Tumor) 4. Pain (Dolor) 5. Loss of function (Functio laesa)

What are the goals of acute inflammation?

Increase blood flow, increase delivery of immune and healing cells, and prepare tissue for repair.

Describe the phases of healing after tissue injury.

1. Inflammatory Phase: hemostasis and removal of debris. 2. Proliferative Phase: fibroblasts produce collagen and angiogenesis occurs. 3. Remodeling Phase: tissue strength increases and outcomes may include resolution, regeneration, or replacement (scar formation).

How does chronic inflammation differ from acute inflammation?

Acute inflammation has a rapid onset and short duration with neutrophils primarily involved, while chronic inflammation has a gradual onset, long duration with macrophages and lymphocytes.

What treatments are available for acute inflammation?

RICE (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation), NSAIDs, glucocorticoids, and analgesics.

What are some examples of conditions associated with chronic inflammation?

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and Crohn’s disease.

What is the role of B lymphocytes in adaptive immunity?

They mature in the bone marrow and can differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies or memory B cells for rapid response upon re-exposure.

What is the difference between primary and secondary immune responses?

Primary response is the first exposure to an antigen, producing IgM followed by IgG, while secondary response is a rapid and robust IgG production upon re-exposure.

What is the function of CD8 Cytotoxic T cells?

They bind to antigens on MHC I and destroy infected, malignant, or transplanted cells.

Define hypersensitivity reactions and give an example of Type I hypersensitivity.

Hypersensitivity is an exaggerated immune response; Type I is IgE-mediated, e.g., anaphylaxis.

What are the effects of immunoglobulin dysfunction?

Recurrent infections (IgA), impaired B-cell activation (IgD), severe allergic reactions (IgE), poor long-term immunity (IgG), and impaired early response (IgM).

What is the significance of antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?

APCs, such as dendritic cells and macrophages, activate CD4 helper T cells and provide an essential link between innate and adaptive immunity.

What are the clinical applications associated with burns?

Fluid shifts lead to edema, hypovolemia, shock, and increased hematocrit based on severity of the burn.