endocrine system

gunna kms

what major processes do hormones control

5; reproduction, growth and development, mobilization of body defnes, maintenance of homeostasis, regulation of metabolism

specalized cells secrete hormones. the hormones are secreted into where?

extracellular fluyids

what transfers hormones into target sites

blood

what do hormones do

regulate activity of other cells

what are the 3 ways to chemically classify hormonesq

amino acid based, steriods or prostaglandins

amino acid based

protiens peptides and amines

steriods

made from cholesterol

prostaglandins

highly active lipids that act as local hormones

hormone levels in tyhe blood are maintained mostly by

negative feedback loops/mechanisms

a stimuilus/low hormone levels in the blood trigger the release of what

more hormones when

when does hormone release stop?

when an appropriate level of hormones is in the blood

how many major endocrine organs are thereq

10

which hormone producing glands have purely endocrine functions

anterior pituitary, thyroid, andreals, parathyroids

endocrine glands are what kind of glandsds

ductless; hormones are released directly into the blood or lympy

what are mixed glands?

glands that have both endocrine and exocrine functionshi

what are 2 mixed glands

pancreas or gonads

what is the pituitary gland

pea sized gland that hangs from the hypothalamus what a

re the 2 functional lobes of the pituitary gland

anterior pituitary- glandular tissue

posterior pituitary; nervous tissue

what is called the “master endocrine gland” bc of how many other endocrine glands it controls

pituitary gland

what does th epituitary gland do

stores hormones made by the hypothalamus

what 2 hormones does the hypothalamus make

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormonr (ADH)

oxytocin

released during childbirth and nusing, and stimulates contractions of the uterus and causes milk ejection

antidiuretic hormonr ADH

inhibits urine production (diversis)

in large amounts ADH can increase blood pressure

what 2 pituitary hormones affect nonendocrine targets

growth hormone and prolactin

what are the 4 tropic hormones

follicle stimulating, luteinizing, thyrotropic, adrenocorticotropic

wwhat is the growth hormone

general metabolic hormone

the major effects of the growth hormone are directed to growth of

skeletal muscles and long bones

what plays a role in determining final body size

growth hormone

what do growth hormones do to amino acids and fats?

amino acids can be built into proteins, and fats are broken down for a source of energy

what does prolactin (PRL) do

stimulates and maintains milk production following childbirth

unknown function in males

what regulates hormonal activity of the goands’’

gonadotropic hormones

what are 2 types of gonadotropic hormones

follicle stimulating and lutenizing hormone

what does follicle stimulating hormone do

stimulates follicle development in ovaries

stimulates sperm development in tests

what does the luteinizing hormone do

triggers ovulation of an eff in females, stimulates sperm production in males

what influences growth and activity of the thyriod gland

thyrotropic hormone, or thyroid stimulating hormone

what regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

which gland secrets maletonin

pituitary gland

melatonin is believed to corrdinate the hormones of fertility in humans, meaning that it inhibits what?

the reproductive system until maturity occurs

where is the thyriod gland located

base of the throat

what 2 hormones does the thyriod gland produce

thyriod hormone and calcitonin

describe the thryriod hormone

major metabolic hormone, controls rate of oxidation of glucose to supply body heat and chemical energy

needed for tissue growth and development

iodine containing hormone

describe calcitonin

decreases blood calcium levels by causing calcium deposition on the bone, released in response to rising blood calcium levels

calcitonin is antagonistic to which hormone

parathyriod hormone

what are parathyriod glands

tiny masses on the posterior of the thyroid gland

what do parathyroid glands secret

parathyriod hormones

what is the most important regulator of caclcium ion homeostasis of the blood

parathyriod gland

hypercalcemic hormone

increases blood calcium levels, stimulates osteoclasts to remove calcium from the bone, and also stimulates the kidneys and intestine to absorb moree calcium

thymus

small gland located in the upper thorax, posterior to the sternum

largest in infants and kids, decreases in size throughout adulthood

the thymus produces a hormone called what

thymosin, it matures some types of white blood cells and is important in developing the immune system

adrenal glands

sit on top of the kidneys

what are the 2 regions of the adrenal glands

adrenal cortex: outer glandular region that produces corticosteroids

adrenal medulla: inner neural tissue region

what are the 4 hormones produced in the adrenal cortex

mineralocorticoids and aldosterone, glucocorticoids and sex hormones

mineralocorticoids

regulate mineral (salt) content in the blood, particular NA dn K ions

regulate water and electrolyte balance

target organ = kidney

aldosterone

stimulated by humoral factors (fewer sodium ions or too many K ions in the blood)

aldosterone production is inhibited when blood pressure is too high

glueocorticoids

promote cell metabolism, helps resit long term stressors by increasing blood glucose levels

has anti-flammatory properties

sex hormones

small amounts made throughout life, most of themproduced are androgens (male sex hormones), some estrogens (female sex hormones) also can form

the adrenal medulla produces 2 similar hormones to the adrenal cortex. what are they

epinephrine (Adrenaline) and norepinephrine (nonadrenaline)

what do epinephrine and norepenephrine do

deael with short term stress (flight or gith) vy increasing heart rate , blood pressure and blood glucose levels

pancreas

located in the abdomen, close to the stomach

what part of the pancreas produces hormones

the pancretic islets

what hormones are produced by the pancreas

insulin: beta cells

glucagon: alpha cells

the 2 hormones pancreas produces are antagonists that maintain what

blood sugar homeostasis

insulin

released when blood sugar levels are high, increases the rate of glucose uptake and metabolism by body cells

effects are hypoglycemic

glucagon

released when blood sugar levels are low, stimulates the liver to release glucose to the blood, and increases blood sugar levels

effects are HYPERglycemic

gonads in females and males

tests and ovaries

what are the 2 hormones that gonads produce

testerone for males and estrogens for females

ovaries

femagonads located in the pelvic cavity, produce ova (exocrine)

what 2 groups of steriod hormones do hthe ovarieproduce

estrogens and progestone

testes

male gonads suspended outside the pelvic cavity, produce sperm and androgens like testerone

estrogens

stimulae the development of secondary female, mature the female reproductive organs

progesterone + estrogen does what

promote breast development, regulate period cycle,

progesterone also helps in what

implantation of an embryo in the uterus

testerone

is the most important androgen , responsible for adult male secondary male characteristics and maturation of male reproduction system

required for sperm cell production