Studied by 0 people
gunna kms
what major processes do hormones control
5; reproduction, growth and development, mobilization of body defnes, maintenance of homeostasis, regulation of metabolism
specalized cells secrete hormones. the hormones are secreted into where?
extracellular fluyids
what transfers hormones into target sites
blood
what do hormones do
regulate activity of other cells
what are the 3 ways to chemically classify hormonesq
amino acid based, steriods or prostaglandins
amino acid based
protiens peptides and amines
steriods
made from cholesterol
prostaglandins
highly active lipids that act as local hormones
hormone levels in tyhe blood are maintained mostly by
negative feedback loops/mechanisms
a stimuilus/low hormone levels in the blood trigger the release of what
more hormones when
when does hormone release stop?
when an appropriate level of hormones is in the blood
how many major endocrine organs are thereq
10
which hormone producing glands have purely endocrine functions
anterior pituitary, thyroid, andreals, parathyroids
endocrine glands are what kind of glandsds
ductless; hormones are released directly into the blood or lympy
what are mixed glands?
glands that have both endocrine and exocrine functionshi
what are 2 mixed glands
pancreas or gonads
what is the pituitary gland
pea sized gland that hangs from the hypothalamus what a
re the 2 functional lobes of the pituitary gland
anterior pituitary- glandular tissue
posterior pituitary; nervous tissue
what is called the “master endocrine gland” bc of how many other endocrine glands it controls
pituitary gland
what does th epituitary gland do
stores hormones made by the hypothalamus
what 2 hormones does the hypothalamus make
oxytocin and antidiuretic hormonr (ADH)
oxytocin
released during childbirth and nusing, and stimulates contractions of the uterus and causes milk ejection
antidiuretic hormonr ADH
inhibits urine production (diversis)
in large amounts ADH can increase blood pressure
what 2 pituitary hormones affect nonendocrine targets
growth hormone and prolactin
what are the 4 tropic hormones
follicle stimulating, luteinizing, thyrotropic, adrenocorticotropic
wwhat is the growth hormone
general metabolic hormone
the major effects of the growth hormone are directed to growth of
skeletal muscles and long bones
what plays a role in determining final body size
growth hormone
what do growth hormones do to amino acids and fats?
amino acids can be built into proteins, and fats are broken down for a source of energy
what does prolactin (PRL) do
stimulates and maintains milk production following childbirth
unknown function in males
what regulates hormonal activity of the goands’’
gonadotropic hormones
what are 2 types of gonadotropic hormones
follicle stimulating and lutenizing hormone
what does follicle stimulating hormone do
stimulates follicle development in ovaries
stimulates sperm development in tests
what does the luteinizing hormone do
triggers ovulation of an eff in females, stimulates sperm production in males
what influences growth and activity of the thyriod gland
thyrotropic hormone, or thyroid stimulating hormone
what regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
which gland secrets maletonin
pituitary gland
melatonin is believed to corrdinate the hormones of fertility in humans, meaning that it inhibits what?
the reproductive system until maturity occurs
where is the thyriod gland located
base of the throat
what 2 hormones does the thyriod gland produce
thyriod hormone and calcitonin
describe the thryriod hormone
major metabolic hormone, controls rate of oxidation of glucose to supply body heat and chemical energy
needed for tissue growth and development
iodine containing hormone
describe calcitonin
decreases blood calcium levels by causing calcium deposition on the bone, released in response to rising blood calcium levels
calcitonin is antagonistic to which hormone
parathyriod hormone
what are parathyriod glands
tiny masses on the posterior of the thyroid gland
what do parathyroid glands secret
parathyriod hormones
what is the most important regulator of caclcium ion homeostasis of the blood
parathyriod gland
hypercalcemic hormone
increases blood calcium levels, stimulates osteoclasts to remove calcium from the bone, and also stimulates the kidneys and intestine to absorb moree calcium
thymus
small gland located in the upper thorax, posterior to the sternum
largest in infants and kids, decreases in size throughout adulthood
the thymus produces a hormone called what
thymosin, it matures some types of white blood cells and is important in developing the immune system
adrenal glands
sit on top of the kidneys
what are the 2 regions of the adrenal glands
adrenal cortex: outer glandular region that produces corticosteroids
adrenal medulla: inner neural tissue region
what are the 4 hormones produced in the adrenal cortex
mineralocorticoids and aldosterone, glucocorticoids and sex hormones
mineralocorticoids
regulate mineral (salt) content in the blood, particular NA dn K ions
regulate water and electrolyte balance
target organ = kidney
aldosterone
stimulated by humoral factors (fewer sodium ions or too many K ions in the blood)
aldosterone production is inhibited when blood pressure is too high
glueocorticoids
promote cell metabolism, helps resit long term stressors by increasing blood glucose levels
has anti-flammatory properties
sex hormones
small amounts made throughout life, most of themproduced are androgens (male sex hormones), some estrogens (female sex hormones) also can form
the adrenal medulla produces 2 similar hormones to the adrenal cortex. what are they
epinephrine (Adrenaline) and norepinephrine (nonadrenaline)
what do epinephrine and norepenephrine do
deael with short term stress (flight or gith) vy increasing heart rate , blood pressure and blood glucose levels
pancreas
located in the abdomen, close to the stomach
what part of the pancreas produces hormones
the pancretic islets
what hormones are produced by the pancreas
insulin: beta cells
glucagon: alpha cells
the 2 hormones pancreas produces are antagonists that maintain what
blood sugar homeostasis
insulin
released when blood sugar levels are high, increases the rate of glucose uptake and metabolism by body cells
effects are hypoglycemic
glucagon
released when blood sugar levels are low, stimulates the liver to release glucose to the blood, and increases blood sugar levels
effects are HYPERglycemic
gonads in females and males
tests and ovaries
what are the 2 hormones that gonads produce
testerone for males and estrogens for females
ovaries
femagonads located in the pelvic cavity, produce ova (exocrine)
what 2 groups of steriod hormones do hthe ovarieproduce
estrogens and progestone
testes
male gonads suspended outside the pelvic cavity, produce sperm and androgens like testerone
estrogens
stimulae the development of secondary female, mature the female reproductive organs
progesterone + estrogen does what
promote breast development, regulate period cycle,
progesterone also helps in what
implantation of an embryo in the uterus
testerone
is the most important androgen , responsible for adult male secondary male characteristics and maturation of male reproduction system
required for sperm cell production
