MES 2nd Semester Test

Israel (Samaria)

Ancient Jewish kingdom in the north conquered by the Assyrian Empire

Judea (Judah)

Southern Jewish kingdom conquered by the Babylonian Empire

Assyrian Empire

Empire that conquered Israel in 722 BCE

Babylonian Empire

Empire that conquered Judea and destroyed the First Temple

Persian Empire

Empire from Iran that overthrew Babylon and allowed Jews to return

Cyrus the Great

Persian ruler who allowed Jewish elites to return to Jerusalem

Alexander the Great

Greek ruler who conquered the Persian Empire and Palestine

Hellenization

Spread of Greek culture and language

Seleucid Empire

Greek empire that attempted to Hellenize Palestine

Maccabean Revolt

Jewish revolt against the Seleucids

Hasmonean Kingdom

Independent Jewish kingdom formed after the Maccabean Revolt

Roman Rule

Roman control of Palestine beginning in 63 BCE

Herod the Great

Roman client king of Judea

Zealot Revolt

Jewish revolt against Rome leading to the destruction of the Second Temple

Second Temple

Jewish temple destroyed by Rome in 70 CE

Western (Wailing) Wall

Remaining wall of the Second Temple

Bar Kokhba Revolt

Revolt that led to Jewish expulsion from Jerusalem

Jewish Diaspora

Dispersal of Jews across the world

Byzantine Empire

Eastern Roman Empire and first Christian empire to rule Palestine

Constantinople

Capital of the Byzantine Empire

Christian Theology

Religious foundation of Byzantine rule

Jerusalem in Christianity

City central to Christian belief and Jesus’ life

Muslim Conquest

Muslim takeover of Palestine in 638 CE

Muhammad

Founder of Islam

Caliphate

Islamic empire ruled by leaders who head the Umma

Umma

Global Islamic community

Abrahamic Religions

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

Dhimmi

Protected non-Muslims under Islamic rule

Jizya

Tax paid by Dhimmis

Mecca

Holiest city in Islam

Kaaba

Sacred shrine in Mecca

Night Journey

Muhammad’s journey to Jerusalem in Islamic belief

Crusader Period

Christian rule of Jerusalem beginning in 1099

Kingdom of Jerusalem

Crusader state in Palestine

Ayyubid Dynasty

Muslim dynasty founded by Saladin

Saladin

Muslim leader who reconquered Jerusalem

Mamluk Sultanate

Muslim rulers before the Ottomans

Ottoman Empire

Empire ruling Palestine from 1516 to WWI

Osman I

Founder of the Ottoman Empire

Mehmet II

Ottoman ruler who captured Constantinople

Selim I

Ottoman ruler who defeated the Mamluks

Capture of Constantinople

1453 Ottoman conquest ending Byzantine rule

Sanjak

Ottoman administrative district

Nablus

Sanjak in Palestine

Gaza

Sanjak in Palestine

Acre

Sanjak in Palestine

Jerusalem

Sanjak with unique religious significance

Indirect Rule

Ottoman governance through local elites

Local Elite Families

Non-Ottoman families collecting taxes

Pluralism

Multiple religious groups living together

Millet System

Religious communities govern themselves

Ottoman Tolerance

Greater tolerance than contemporary Europe

Reconquista

Expulsion of Jews from Spain in 1492

European Powers

France, Russia, and Britain influencing the Ottoman Empire

Treaty of 1740

Allowed France to protect Catholics

Treaty of 1774

Allowed Russia to protect Orthodox Christians

Crimean War

Conflict weakening Ottoman power

Middleman Minorities

Non-Muslims facilitating European trade

Tanzimat Reforms

Ottoman modernization reforms

Hatti Sharif of 1839

Declared legal equality

Land Code of 1858

Privatized and registered land

Absentee Landlords

Wealthy landowners living elsewhere

British Involvement

British support to protect trade routes

Suez Canal

Strategic trade route to India

Ottoman Collapse

End of the empire after WWI

Sick Man of Europe

Nickname for the declining Ottoman Empire

European Investment

Foreign economic involvement in Palestine

Cash Crops

Olives, sesame, oranges, wheat, cotton

Tourism

Pilgrimage to holy sites

Economic Dependency

Reliance on outside powers

Nationalism

Desire for self-rule

Zionism

Movement for a Jewish homeland

Antisemitism

Discrimination against Jews

Pale of Settlement

Region Jews were forced to live in Russia

Pogroms

Violent attacks on Jewish communities

BILU

Early Zionist youth movement

Hibbat Zion

Early Zionist organization

Hebrew Revival

Revival of Hebrew language

Dreyfus Affair

French antisemitic political scandal

Theodore Herzl

Founder of political Zionism

Zionist Congress

Meeting that formed the World Zionist Organization

Aliyah

Jewish immigration to Palestine

First Aliyah

Migration fleeing persecution

Second Aliyah

Socialist and ideological immigration

Labor Zionism

Ideology emphasizing Jewish labor

Kibbutz

Collective socialist farm

Fellahin

Rural Arab peasants

Land Purchases

Zionists legally buying land

Evictions

Removal of peasants from land

Arab Petitions

Requests to limit Zionist migration

Young Turk Revolution

Overthrow of the Sultan

End of Censorship

Result of the Young Turk Revolution

Jaffa Protests

Protests against Jewish immigration

Arab Press

Newspapers criticizing Zionism

Arab Political Consciousness

Emergence of Arab nationalism

First Arab Congress

Demand for autonomy and immigration limits