AP HuG - Vocab - Full Year

Determinism

The idea that the environment controls the development of a human.

Absolute location

A fixed location usually reckoned by latitude and longitude.

Absolute space

Refers to an area whose dimensions can be precisely measured.

Cartogram

A map that distorts land to show changes in value.

Cartography

The science of making maps

Choropleth Map

A map that uses different shades to show variation of the values.

Distance Decay

The tapering off of a process, pattern, or event over a distance

Dot map

A map that uses dots to show different values. More dots \= Greater value.

Formal Region

A region described by unifying cultural or physical characteristics.

Functional Region

A region defined by a political, social, or economic characteristic. This area must also have a center of activity, like a corporation, entity, or business that organizes activity.

Geographic Information System (GIS)

A system designed to collect, store, analyze, and present data tied to locations on Earth.

Geospatial Data

Any data with a geographic aspect that refers to a position on Earth. (e.g. a house, building, landmark)

Graduated Symbol Map

A map that uses a symbol to represent a certain value. The larger the symbol, the larger the value.

Isoline Map

Maps with lines drawn to link different places that share a common value.

Large Scale

Shows less area in greater detail.

Mercator Projection

A conformal map projection that preserves 90° angles and straight lines of longitude and latitude, also shows true direction, but distorts the poles (poles appear larger than they actually are) Best map for nautical use.

Natural resources

Substances that are produced in nature that can be used for economic profit.

Nonrenewable resource

Resources that can't be renewed or take a long time to renew themselves.

Perceptual Region (Vernacular Region)

A region that is characterized by a population's sense of identity & attraction towards an area. Boundaries tend to be less defined.

Peters Projection

Equal-area map projection that preserves size of countries, but distorts oceans. Used for navigation and in world maps.

Place

A specific point on Earth distinguished by specific physical and social characteristics.

Polar Projection

Azimuthal projection that preserves distances from the poles, but distorts land size and parallels of latitude. Used by pilots.

Possibilism

The idea that people can adapt to their environment to survive and succeed.

Reference Map

A map that display boundaries, names, and unique identifiers of standard geographic areas, as well as major cultural & physical features.

Relative Location

The position of a place in respect to other places.

Relative Space

Space that is created and defined by humans.

Remote Sensing

Gathering information on Earth by using sensors on aircrafts and satellites without making any physical contact with the object.

Renewable Resources

Resources that are renewed natually or with human help.

Robinson Projection

A compromise projection that preserves the accurate size and shape of land masses, but distorts the poles. Commonly used in schools.

Satellite Navigational Systems

System of satellites that provide geospatial positioning (e.g. GPS)

Scale

The relationship between the size of a map to the amount of area it represents on Earth.

Small Scale

Shows larger area in less detail

Sustainability

Using resources in a way that benefits the present generation without impacting future generation's ability to use those resources.

Thematic Map

A map that emphasizes a particular theme or a special topic.

Time-space Compression

The process of when advances in transportation and communication lessens the effect of distance.

African American Vernacular English (AAVE)

a dialect used by some African Americans

Centrifugal force

a cultural value that tends to pull people apart

Centripetal force

a cultural value that tends to unify people

Creole (or creolized) language

a language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigneous langue of the people being dominated

Denglish

a combination of German and English

Developing language

a language spoken in daily use with a literary tradition that is not widely distributed

Dialect

a regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation

Dying language

a language used by older people, but is not being transmitted to children

Endangered language

a language that children are no longer learning, and its remaining speakers use it less frequently

Extinct language

a language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used

Franglais

a combination of French and English

Institutional language

a language used in education, work, mass media, and government

Isogloss

a boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate

Isolated language

a language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family

Language

a system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning

Language branch

a collection of languages related through a common ancestor that can be confirmed through archaeological evidence

Language family

a collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history

Language group

a collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary

Lingua franca

a language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages

Literary tradition

langauge that is written as well as spoken

Logogram

a symbol that represents a word rather than a sound

Official language

the language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents

Pidgin language

a form of language that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca; used for communications among speakers of two different languages

Received Pronunciation (RP)

the dialect of English commonly used by politicians, broadcasters, and actors in the United Kingdom

Spanglish

a combination of Spanish and English, spoken by Hispanic-Americans.

Standard language

the form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications

Threatened language

a language used for face-to-face communication, but is losing users

Vigorous language

a language that is spoken in daily use but that lacks a literary tradition

Vulgar latin

a form of Latin used in daily conversation by ancient Romans, as opposed to the standard dialect, which was used for official documents

Working language

a language that is used by an international organization or corporation as its primary means of communication for daily correspondence and conversation

Cultural attitudes

the beliefs and perspectives that a society values.

Cultural homogenization

the process of reduction in cultural diversity through the diffusion of popular culture

Custom

The frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people performing the act.

Folk Culture

Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups.

Habit

A repetitive act performed by a particular individual

Material culture

the physical things a group of people construct

Non-material culture

the beliefs of a group of people

Popular culture

culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics.

Taboo

a restriction on behavior imposed by social custom.

Terrior

the contribution of a location's distinctive physical features to the way food tastes

Agricultural Density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture

Androcentrism

Male centered

Antinatalist policy

Government policies that support lower birth rates

Arable land

Land suitable for agriculture

Arithmetic density

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

Boserup effect

Increase in food production resulting from the use of new farming methods

Carrying capacity

The population size of a species that the environment can sustain indefinitely, given the available resources

Census

A complete enumeration of a population.

Cornucopians or anti-Malthusians

People who disagree with the Malthusian view of population and resources

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Degenerative diseases

Disease that worsen over time.

Demographic transition

The process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population.

Demography

The scientific study of population characteristics.

Dependency ratio

The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force

Developed (industrialized) country

A country with an advanced economy and a high standard of living

Developing (industrializing) country

A country that is of relatively low income or economically poorer than developed countries

Doubling time

The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.

Ecumene

The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.

Epidemic

a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time.

Epidemiologic transition

The process of change in the distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition

Epidemiology

the branch of medicine that deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health.

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live births in a society.

Life Expectancy

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live.