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Theory of atavism
Cesare Lombroso (“Father of criminology”)
Used scientific method to test his theory
Criminals as “atavistic throwbacks” who exhibit ancestral, primitive traits
suggests that some criminal behavior is a result of biological factors, where individuals revert to a more primitive state
Identified through presence of “stigmata” (atavistic anomalies)
E.g.:
Peaked nose (as bird of prey)
Large jaw
Strong canine teeth (as with carnivores)
General hairiness of the body
Biological theories
Sociobiology (1970s to now)
Biochemical & neurophysical factors
E.g., chemical and mineral deficiencies, hormonal differences, brain dysfunction
Genetic factors
E.g., twin studies, adoption studies, studies of specific genes
Results and conclusions
Inconsistent evidence
Interactions with social factors
General psychological theories
Individuals commit crime due to psychological personality problems, maladjustment, or mental deficiency
General psychological
Forms of psychopathy and mental illness
E.g., antisocial personality disorder, psychosis, schizophrenia
One main weakness of general psychological theories
Causal order
Relationship between IQ and crime
Empirical support on negative correlations between IQ and different measures of crime, SES is not the third variable
Criticisms: biased tests, exaggerated effects of IQ, types of crimes