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4 types of research design
Experiments, correlations, case studies, and meta-analysis are…
Surveys & natural observations
2 types of data collection techniques include:
Experimental Method
Looks to prove casual cause-effect relationships
Correlational Method
Looks to express a relationship between two variables
Correlational Method
This research method does NOT show causation
Case Study
An in-depth investigation of an individual or small group who may have an unusual trait
Meta-analysis
Looking at other published studies and forming an overall conclusion based off each studys’ results
Hypothesis
A statement that expresses a prediction of the relationship between 2 variables
Falsifiable
What do hypotheses have to be in order to seem applicable?
Theory
An explanation for a type of behavior of phenomena
Operational Definitions
A description used to discover how variables will be measured (ex. how behavior, the DV, is measured)
Participants/subjects
Individuals participating in research studies
Independent Variable
The “cause” of an experiment
Dependent Variable
The “effect” of an experiment
Experimental Group
The group who experiences the IV
Control Group
The group who experiences a placebo, thinking the placebo is the IV when its not
Extraneous/confounding variables
Other variables than the IV that could cause change in the DV
Placebo effect
When a variable seems to work but it actually has no effects
Random Assignment
To randomly assign people from a random sample into the experimental or control groups
Random Sampling
A randomly selected group of participants that accurately depicts a population
Positive Correlation
When variables go in the same direction (ex. studying less decreases test scores)
Negative Corrrelation
When variables go in opposite directions (ex. exercising more decreases weight)
Directionality Problem
When it is unclear which variable affects the other (ex. a study finding a correlation between stress levels and sleep quality, where it's unclear whether high stress causes poor sleep or if poor sleep leads to increased stress levels)
Correlation Coefficient
A number depicting the direcion variables go in and how strong they are
Third Variable Issue
When two variables that correlate may not be related to each other, showing another variable could be impacting both
Naturalistic Observation
To observe and not disturb organisms in their natural environments as a means to collect data
Self-fulfilling prophecy
The tendency for a person to act a certain way because they are expected to or they expect themselves to
Survey/Questionnarie
A data collection technique used in any research method that collects reports from multiple people with the use of questions
Qualitative Interview/Self-Reporting
A data collection technique that has a set of predetermined open-ended questions in a structured format
Quantitative Interview/Self-Reporting
A data collection technique that has respondents choose a predefined answer on a scale to express an opinion
Quantitative Interview/Self-Reporting
This data collection technique provides a likert scale with numerical data that can be statiscally analyzed
Generalizability
How much of results can be applied to general population
Replication
Repeating a study to see if the same results are achieved
Sampling Bias
When a sample is not representative of the population it is drawn from
Population
A large group of individuals who share a specific characteristic with samples drawn from it
Convenience Sampling
Selecting participants who are easy to reach and willing to participate in studies (ex. Volunteers)
Self-report bias
To report inaccurate or distorted information about themselves, behaviors, or experiences when reporting yourself
Social desirability bias
To provide information that will satisfy the ideals of society but it doesn’t satisfy you
Halo Effect
To assume someone ‘s personality based off of one trait (ex. thinking someone is handsome so they also seem funny and hardworking)
Experimenter Bias
When a researcher’s expectations/beliefs unconsciously influence the results of an experiment
Single-Blind Procedure
A procedure that prevents bias among participants
Double-Blind Procedure
A procedure that prevents bias among participants and the experimenter
IRB
Internal Review Board
Human and animal subjects
Who does the IRB apply to?
Anecdotal Evidence
Information based off of personal experiences that is shared as a story
Confirmation Bias
The tendency to gather evidence that confirms pre-existing expectations and not seek contradictory evidence
Hindsight Bias
To believe you knew something all along after you learned the outcome
Overconfidence
The tendency to think you know much more than you do
Participant Bias
The tendency for participants to respond in a certain way because they know they are being observed or know what the experimenter wants
Falsifiable
To be able to proven false
Note
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