foundations 2

chain of infection

sequence of factors needed for an infection to occur

steps in chain of infectino

infectious agent

reservoir

portal of entry

mode of transportation

portal of entry

susceptible host

infectious agent

something that contains a bacterium, fungus, virus, parasite, or prion

how to break chain of infectious agent

disinfecting, sterilizing, cleaning through antimicrobial treatment

reservoir

habitat of infectious agent

animate habitat

people, insects, birds, animals

inanimate habitat

contaiminated soil, water, food, medical equiptment, IV fluids, feces

how to break chain of infection in reservoir

hand hydene, preop skin prior ot surgery, properly cleaned clinical and surgical environment

portal of entry

route by which an infectious pathogen can leave the reservoir

examples of portal of entry

body orifice, skin, bodily fluids

how to break chain of infection portal of entry

careful containment of bodily fluids (drains and dressings)

decrease secretions

mode of transmission

how bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and prions move from place to place

examples of modes of transportation

contact, droplet, airborne

how to break chain of infection mode of transportation

hand hygiene

use of proper barrier devices

portal of entry

any body orifice (ears, nose, mouth, skin) that provides a place for an infectious agent to replicate or for a toxin to act

how to break chain of infection for portal of entry

hand hygiene

ppe

keep appropriate distance from those who are ill

susceptible host

those who have a weakened immune system and are prone to getting sick

factors that increase host susceptibility

age, underlying disease, malingnancies, transplants, surgeries, radiation

medication

indweling devices

medications that make a host susceptible

immunosuppressants, antirejection meds, antineoplastics, antimicrobials, corticosteriods, gastric suppressants

indwelling devices that make a host susceptible

ET tubes, urinary catheters, central venous catheters, arterial catheters, implants such as pacemaker or artificial joints

how to break chain of infection susceptible host

immunization, proper nutrition, dietary supplements, proper hygiene, control of blood sugar

direct contact

occurs when microorganisms are directly moved from an infected person to another person

indirect contact

occurs when microorganisms are transmitted from an infected person via a contaminated object or person

examples of diseases that are direct contact

herpes, scabies

examples of diseases that are indirect contact

staph aureus

droplet transmission

occurs when infectious droplets from a client travel through the air and come in contact with the mucosa of a host

examples of diseases that are transmitted via droplet

norovirus, rhinovirus, covid, flu, pertussis

airborne transmission

occurs when small particulates found in the air move into the airspace of another person and carry infectious gatents

examples of diseases transmitted via airborne

TB, measles, varicella

vehicle

transmission from contaminated items to multiple persons

examples of vehicles of transmission

produces contaminated by E coli

vectors

transmission of infectious agents through animals, such as an insect or rodent

example of vector infections

malaria, zika

body defenses

physical/chemical

nonspecific immunity

specific immunity

physical/chemical defense

intact skin, mucous membrane, tears, normal GI/GU flora

nonspecific immunity

neutrophils and macrophages work as phagocytes

released during inflammatory response

specific immunity

antibodies (immunoglobulins) and lymphocytes

antibodies bind to infectious agents and activate the white blood cells and complement to destroy infectious agent

inflammatory response

natural defense that is activated when body is injure

inflammatory response is activated when

foreign substance is present

infectious agent attacks

basic steps of inflammatory response

recognition of harmful stimuli

activation of inflammatory pathway

release of inflammatory markers

recruitment of inflammatory cells

types of inflammatory response triggers

infectious triggers

noninfectious triggers

infectious triggers include

viruses

bacteria

other microorganisms

noninfectious triggers

physical

chemical

biological

psycological

physical trigger

burns, frostbite, injury, foreign bodies, trauma, radiation

chemical triggers

glucose, fatty acids, toxins, alcohol, irritants

biological triggers

damaged cells

psychological triggers

excitement

inflammation is typically

positive

but can lead to tissue destruction and cancer

manifestation of inflammation

heat, redness, pain, swelling, loss of function

stages of infectionn

incubation, prodromal, acute, decline, convalescence

incubation

patient may not feel ill/have symptoms

lasts from time of exposure until time of first symptom

prodromal

infectious agent replicates, nonspecific symptoms (fever and malaise)

acute illness

manifestation of specific infectious disease process becomes obvious

decline

symptoms improve as infectious agents decrease, client feels better and regains function

convalescence

client returns to the previous or a new, balances state of health

two types of infections

local or systemic

local infection

confined to one area of body

can be treated with topical or oral antibiotics

systemic infection

starts as local and moves into blood stream

IV antibiotics and careful monitoring needed

hand hygiene

washing your hands with antibacterial soap and water, using alcohol based gel or foam, or surgical scrub

medical asepsis

clean technique practices that reduce the presence of disease causing microorganisms on surface

surgical asepsis

techniques that ensure the sterility of items that will come in contact with in order to prevent pathogen transfer to the client

NO microorganisms

sterilization

cleaning instruments so that all microoriganims, including bacterial spores are eradicated

disinfection

cleaning instruments so that almsot all miscroorganisms are eradicated but not all

standard precautions

Infection prevention practices and these apply to all clients, whether or not they are known to have an infectious agent

contact precautions

Precautions used when a client has an infectious agent that can be transmitted by direct or indirect contact with body secretions; requires a minimum of gown and gloves prior to client interactions.

always remove PPE ____ the clients room

inside

droplet precaution s

surgical mask when entering the room or coming into close contact with the client.

airborne

Used when a client has an infectious agent that can be transmitted through the air; use a N95 mask or a high-level respirator when entering the room of a client. Negative pressure roomj

protective precaution

Used during approximately the first 100 days after transplant

healthcare associated infections

infections that are acquired in a health care facility

health care infections can occur in

central lines, catheter UTI, surgical site, ventilator pneumonia

gloves

Potential for or direct contact with blood, body fluids, mucous membranes, nonintact skin, or potentially infectious material

gowns

Potential for contact with infected material or the potential for blood or body fluids to contaminate the nurse

if using a gown you must use

gloves

minerals in the body are able to conduct

electrical changes

functions of electrolytes

maintaining the balance of water in the body

balancing the blood pH

moving nutrients into the cells

moving wastes out of the cells

maintaining proper function of the bodys muscles, heart, nerves, and brains j

the average persons weight consists of

½ to 2/3 water

males have ____ of weight water

60%

females have ___ of weight water

54%

babies and young children have ___ weight water

70%

osmolality

a measure of the solutes within a solution

concentration

can measure in blood or urine

intracellular hold ___ of bodys water

67%

essential for metabolism and cell function

extracellular holds ____ of bodys water in interstitial fluid

25%

excess fluid in extracellular means

edema

intravascular has ___ of bodys water

8%

third spacing

physiologically unavailable

ascites, blister

hypothalamus equals

hydration

thirst response

lamina terminalis (sits at edge of hypothalamus) monitors osmolality

when neurons sense to need to incrae body water it will send signal that

stimulates thirst

as serum osmolality rises, hypothalamus ___

signals to posterior pituitary to release ADH that acts on nephrons in kidneys to hold onto water

factors that influence fluid and electrolyte balance

dehydration, hypovolemia, overhydration, meds, heart kidney and liver disorders, incorrect intravenous fluids, profuse sweating

osmosis

movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of higher concentration of water molecules and a lower concentration of solutes to one of a lower concentration of water molecules and a higher concentration of solutes

diffusion

movement of electrolytes from area of high concentration to low

active transport

movement in opposite direction

potassium normal range

3.5 to 5

sodium normal range

136 to 145

calcium normal range

9 to 10.5

magnesium normal range

1.3 to 2.1

where is potassium found

intracellular

potassium supports the

transmission of electrical impulses to nerves and muscles