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chain of infection
sequence of factors needed for an infection to occur
steps in chain of infectino
infectious agent
reservoir
portal of entry
mode of transportation
portal of entry
susceptible host
infectious agent
something that contains a bacterium, fungus, virus, parasite, or prion
how to break chain of infectious agent
disinfecting, sterilizing, cleaning through antimicrobial treatment
reservoir
habitat of infectious agent
animate habitat
people, insects, birds, animals
inanimate habitat
contaiminated soil, water, food, medical equiptment, IV fluids, feces
how to break chain of infection in reservoir
hand hydene, preop skin prior ot surgery, properly cleaned clinical and surgical environment
portal of entry
route by which an infectious pathogen can leave the reservoir
examples of portal of entry
body orifice, skin, bodily fluids
how to break chain of infection portal of entry
careful containment of bodily fluids (drains and dressings)
decrease secretions
mode of transmission
how bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and prions move from place to place
examples of modes of transportation
contact, droplet, airborne
how to break chain of infection mode of transportation
hand hygiene
use of proper barrier devices
portal of entry
any body orifice (ears, nose, mouth, skin) that provides a place for an infectious agent to replicate or for a toxin to act
how to break chain of infection for portal of entry
hand hygiene
ppe
keep appropriate distance from those who are ill
susceptible host
those who have a weakened immune system and are prone to getting sick
factors that increase host susceptibility
age, underlying disease, malingnancies, transplants, surgeries, radiation
medication
indweling devices
medications that make a host susceptible
immunosuppressants, antirejection meds, antineoplastics, antimicrobials, corticosteriods, gastric suppressants
indwelling devices that make a host susceptible
ET tubes, urinary catheters, central venous catheters, arterial catheters, implants such as pacemaker or artificial joints
how to break chain of infection susceptible host
immunization, proper nutrition, dietary supplements, proper hygiene, control of blood sugar
direct contact
occurs when microorganisms are directly moved from an infected person to another person
indirect contact
occurs when microorganisms are transmitted from an infected person via a contaminated object or person
examples of diseases that are direct contact
herpes, scabies
examples of diseases that are indirect contact
staph aureus
droplet transmission
occurs when infectious droplets from a client travel through the air and come in contact with the mucosa of a host
examples of diseases that are transmitted via droplet
norovirus, rhinovirus, covid, flu, pertussis
airborne transmission
occurs when small particulates found in the air move into the airspace of another person and carry infectious gatents
examples of diseases transmitted via airborne
TB, measles, varicella
vehicle
transmission from contaminated items to multiple persons
examples of vehicles of transmission
produces contaminated by E coli
vectors
transmission of infectious agents through animals, such as an insect or rodent
example of vector infections
malaria, zika
body defenses
physical/chemical
nonspecific immunity
specific immunity
physical/chemical defense
intact skin, mucous membrane, tears, normal GI/GU flora
nonspecific immunity
neutrophils and macrophages work as phagocytes
released during inflammatory response
specific immunity
antibodies (immunoglobulins) and lymphocytes
antibodies bind to infectious agents and activate the white blood cells and complement to destroy infectious agent
inflammatory response
natural defense that is activated when body is injure
inflammatory response is activated when
foreign substance is present
infectious agent attacks
basic steps of inflammatory response
recognition of harmful stimuli
activation of inflammatory pathway
release of inflammatory markers
recruitment of inflammatory cells
types of inflammatory response triggers
infectious triggers
noninfectious triggers
infectious triggers include
viruses
bacteria
other microorganisms
noninfectious triggers
physical
chemical
biological
psycological
physical trigger
burns, frostbite, injury, foreign bodies, trauma, radiation
chemical triggers
glucose, fatty acids, toxins, alcohol, irritants
biological triggers
damaged cells
psychological triggers
excitement
inflammation is typically
positive
but can lead to tissue destruction and cancer
manifestation of inflammation
heat, redness, pain, swelling, loss of function
stages of infectionn
incubation, prodromal, acute, decline, convalescence
incubation
patient may not feel ill/have symptoms
lasts from time of exposure until time of first symptom
prodromal
infectious agent replicates, nonspecific symptoms (fever and malaise)
acute illness
manifestation of specific infectious disease process becomes obvious
decline
symptoms improve as infectious agents decrease, client feels better and regains function
convalescence
client returns to the previous or a new, balances state of health
two types of infections
local or systemic
local infection
confined to one area of body
can be treated with topical or oral antibiotics
systemic infection
starts as local and moves into blood stream
IV antibiotics and careful monitoring needed
hand hygiene
washing your hands with antibacterial soap and water, using alcohol based gel or foam, or surgical scrub
medical asepsis
clean technique practices that reduce the presence of disease causing microorganisms on surface
surgical asepsis
techniques that ensure the sterility of items that will come in contact with in order to prevent pathogen transfer to the client
NO microorganisms
sterilization
cleaning instruments so that all microoriganims, including bacterial spores are eradicated
disinfection
cleaning instruments so that almsot all miscroorganisms are eradicated but not all
standard precautions
Infection prevention practices and these apply to all clients, whether or not they are known to have an infectious agent
contact precautions
Precautions used when a client has an infectious agent that can be transmitted by direct or indirect contact with body secretions; requires a minimum of gown and gloves prior to client interactions.
always remove PPE ____ the clients room
inside
droplet precaution s
surgical mask when entering the room or coming into close contact with the client.
airborne
Used when a client has an infectious agent that can be transmitted through the air; use a N95 mask or a high-level respirator when entering the room of a client. Negative pressure roomj
protective precaution
Used during approximately the first 100 days after transplant
healthcare associated infections
infections that are acquired in a health care facility
health care infections can occur in
central lines, catheter UTI, surgical site, ventilator pneumonia
gloves
Potential for or direct contact with blood, body fluids, mucous membranes, nonintact skin, or potentially infectious material
gowns
Potential for contact with infected material or the potential for blood or body fluids to contaminate the nurse
if using a gown you must use
gloves
minerals in the body are able to conduct
electrical changes
functions of electrolytes
maintaining the balance of water in the body
balancing the blood pH
moving nutrients into the cells
moving wastes out of the cells
maintaining proper function of the bodys muscles, heart, nerves, and brains j
the average persons weight consists of
½ to 2/3 water
males have ____ of weight water
60%
females have ___ of weight water
54%
babies and young children have ___ weight water
70%
osmolality
a measure of the solutes within a solution
concentration
can measure in blood or urine
intracellular hold ___ of bodys water
67%
essential for metabolism and cell function
extracellular holds ____ of bodys water in interstitial fluid
25%
excess fluid in extracellular means
edema
intravascular has ___ of bodys water
8%
third spacing
physiologically unavailable
ascites, blister
hypothalamus equals
hydration
thirst response
lamina terminalis (sits at edge of hypothalamus) monitors osmolality
when neurons sense to need to incrae body water it will send signal that
stimulates thirst
as serum osmolality rises, hypothalamus ___
signals to posterior pituitary to release ADH that acts on nephrons in kidneys to hold onto water
factors that influence fluid and electrolyte balance
dehydration, hypovolemia, overhydration, meds, heart kidney and liver disorders, incorrect intravenous fluids, profuse sweating
osmosis
movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of higher concentration of water molecules and a lower concentration of solutes to one of a lower concentration of water molecules and a higher concentration of solutes
diffusion
movement of electrolytes from area of high concentration to low
active transport
movement in opposite direction
potassium normal range
3.5 to 5
sodium normal range
136 to 145
calcium normal range
9 to 10.5
magnesium normal range
1.3 to 2.1
where is potassium found
intracellular
potassium supports the
transmission of electrical impulses to nerves and muscles