mgi final

aspects of culture

values, customs, symbols, language

absolute location

exact location of a place on the earth described by latitude and longitude

relative location

the position of a place in relation to another place

interdependence

a relationship between countries in which they rely on one another for resources, goods, or services

diffusion

the process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time. the different types of diffusion are expansion, stimulus, and relocation diffusion

imports

goods and services purchased from other countries

export

a good or service produced in the home country and sold in another country

latitude

lines are imaginary lines a specific degree away from the equator going to the north and south pole

longitude

vertical lines going from one pole to the other starting at the prime meridian

monocentric realm

realms that have a country inside of them that heavily influence everything else that is in the realm

polycentric realm

realms that have countries and or regions that have divided power

3 population centers of the world

china, south asia, and europe

sovereignty

ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states

hinterland

the market area surrounding an urban center, which that urban center serves

racism

belief that one race is superior to another

prejudice

preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience

stereotype

a generalized belief about a group of people

bigotry

intolerance toward those who hold different opinions from oneself

discrimination

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

ethnocentrism

belief in the superiority of one’s nation or ethnic group

bias

a particular preference or point of view that is personal

dictatorship

a form of government in which the leader has absolute power and authority

communism

a political ideology that promotes a classless, stateless society based on common ownership and control of production and property in general

democracy

a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them

fascism

a government that is focused on solving ecenomic, political, and social problems. this government promotes violent conflict between politics, factions, races, nations, and other people

imperialism

extending the power, control, or rule by one country over areas outside its borders

plutocracy

a government that is ruled by the wealthy, or power provided by wealth

theocracy

a government controlled by religious leaders

anarchy

absence of government

capitalism

land, labor, and capital are owned by private individuals

socialism

an economic theory of social organization in which the production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community or state

mixed economy

a system that incorporates more than one economic system. usually being capitalism and socialism

pampas

grassy, treeless plains of southern south america

andes

a mountain chain of western south america

patagonia

dry plateau region found in southern argentina

amazon basin

the land drained by the amazon river

creoles

people born in the americas to spanish parents

mestizo

a person of mixed spanish and amerindian ancestry

mulatto

a person of mixed african and european ancestry

negro

african americans with total ancestry from any of the black racial groups of africa

amerindian

indigenous people of the americas

alien

a legal resident of a state that does not yet have citizenship

illegal immigration

someone who enters a country illegally, or who stays for a longer time than legally allowed

refugee

a person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster

deportation

the action of deporting an alien from a country

repatriation

the act of returning to the country of origin

extradition

a legal process whereby an alleged criminal offender is surrendered by the officials of one state to officials of the state in which the crime is alleged to have been committed

asylum

the protection granted by a nation to someone who has left their native country as a political refugee

lingua franca

a language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages

ejido

mexican farmland redistributed to peasant communities after the revolution of 1917-1919

hacienda

large, traditional, family-owned farms

peon

landless, constantly indebted serfs

maquiladora

a factory built by a US company in mexico near the US border, to take advantage of the much lower labor costs in mexico. sends out finished goods

NAFTA

north american free trade agreement- tarrif free trade across north american countries

evo morales’s accomplishments

* redistribution of natural gas/oil wealth
* reversed state profit from 18% to 82%
* told the US to leave their oil wealth
* scaled back US involvement in bolivia
* better education with help from cuba and venezuela
* raised minimum wage
* cut his own salary by 5%

state of venezuela since the death of hugo chavez

left an authoritarian legacy and his economic policies became unsustainable. venezuelan currency became inflated, civil unrest increased, and food shortages became common. venezuela is now home to economic/humanitarian crisis

child labor conditions

most kids are working so that they can further their education and help their family out. they work in dirty places to make little money

altiplano

high-elevation plateau, basin, or valley between even higher mountain ranges

dirty war

the name given to the war against socialism and communism in south america

junta

military leader taking over a country

operation condor

a US financed operation to assist south american governments to get rid of all socialism and communism in their country

mothers of the plaza del mayo

argentine women whose children “disappeared” during the dirty wars of the military dictatorship

deforestation

the action of clearing a wide area of trees

bolsa familia

this plan gives families small amounts of cash to keep their children in school and to ensure their vaccinations against diseases that especially affect the poor

great rift valley

area in africa where parts of the plateau’s surface dropped

atlas mountains

africa’s longest mountain range located in between the mediterranean and the sahara desert

sahara desert

the largest desert in the world, covering most of northern africa

kalahari desert

a desert in southwestern africa, largely botswana

congo basin

a large, flat area along the congo river in central africa

savanna

an area of grassland with scattered trees and bushes

sahel

belt south of the sahara where it transitions into savanna across central africa. it literally means ‘coastland’ in arabic

escarpment

a steep cliff or slope between a higher and lower land surface

cataract

a large waterfall

enclave

a distinct region or community enclosed within a larger territory

exclave

a part of a country that is separated from the rest of the country and surrounded by foreign territory

african transition zone

an area in which the properties of the land undergo a radical change

islamic front

the southern border of the african transition zone that marks the religious frontier of the muslim faith in its southward penetration of subsaharan africa

berlin conference

meeting at which europeans agreed on rules for colonizing africa

direct control

style of imperial government where the head power controlled all levels of government and appointed its own officials to govern the country

indirect control

local government officials limited self rule with a goal to develop future leaders

religious influences throughout africa

major religions are christianity, islam, and traditional religions. islam is in the north, christan and traditional african religions are located all over the rest of the continent

problems with newly independent states

no economical, political structure prone to bad leadership

positive effects of imperialism

nutrition and medication increase, modern transportation, communication system, education system, economic opportunities, plumbing

negatives of imperialism

erosion of trading value, African people were treated inferior to the europeans, african tribes were split up, terrible working conditions

afrikaner

one group of white europeans in south africa, descended from the dutch settlers

apartheid

laws in south africa that physically separated different races into different geographic groups

ANC

the african national congress was the group that was against apartheid

NP

nationalist party

characteristics of apartheid

legal segregation of races, made people carry pass books, no longer citizens of south africa

problems in south africa today

* too few south africans in work
* the quality of school education for most black people is sub standard
* poorly located and inadequate infrastructure limits social inclusion and faster economic growth
* spatial challenges continue to marginalize the poor
* south africas growth path is highly resource intensive and hence unsustainible
* the ailing public health system confronts a massive disease burden
* the performance of public service is uneven
* corruption undermines state legitimacy and service delivery south africa remains a dividedd society

rwanda genocide

1994 ethnic hutu militias took advantage of rwanda’s political turmoil and began killing tutsi civilians

victims of rwanda genocide

hutus would kill tutsi with machetes, there were about 800,000 victims

results of the rwanda genocide

the genocide lasted about 100 days. about 800,000 tutsis were killed. after all of the killing both hutu and tutsi refugees started to flee to democratic republic of the congo

perpetrators vs victims

the perpetrators were the europeans who instigated attacks between the hutus and the tutsis. it first started with the tutsis oppressing the hutus and then the europeans switched the order while they stole resources from their land

africa’s world war

5\.4 million people were killed and it was congo rebels, rwanda, uganda vs angola, zimbabwe, namibia, kabila’s government

sectarian conflict

violent conflict along religious or political lines; the african war is a sectarian conflict

LRA

lord’s resistance army

democratic republic of the congo’s struggles with democracy

instability from years of wars and political upheaval, coltan and other materials were exported without govenrment supervision

DRC impact of conflict minerals

rubber, coltan, gold, tin, are all materials in conflict because they are being smuggled out and the government doesn’t get a cut out of the minerals being smuggled out

janjaweed

armed gunmen in sudan responsible for killing and displacing hundreds of thousands of citizens in darfur