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This a review for Exam I for biology. It goes over various concepts, such as pH, organelles and their functions, Carbonic Acid Buffer, Ocean Acidification, and much more!
Polar Covalent Bond
________: One atom is more electronegative than the other.
Decrease
When H+ ions are released, this causes the pH to __________.
Microfilaments
________: (actin) Help to generate the forces used in cellular contraction and basic cell movements.
Cytoskeleton
________: Reinforces cells shape; functions in cell movement; components are made of proteins.
Peroxisome
________: Organelle with various metabolic functions; produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a by- product & converts it to water.
Chromatin
________: Material consisting of DNA & proteins; visible in a dividing cell as individual condensed chromosomes.
Fimbriae
________: Attachment structures on the surface of some prokaryotes (not visible on TEM)
Golgi Apparatus
________: Organelle active in the synthesis, modification, sorting, & secretion of cell products.
Vesicle
________: A small sac formed by a membrane and filled with liquid; moves substances into or out of the cell.
Mitochondrion
________: Site of cellular respiration, the metabolic process that uses O2 to drive the generation of ATP by extracting energy from sugar, fats, & other fuels.
Rough ER
____________: Makes secretory proteins & is a membrane factory for the cell.
B Hydrophobic
________: Having NO affinity for water.
Nucleolus
__________: Non-membranous structure involved in production of ribosomes; a nucleus has one or more nucleoli.
Microtubules
________: Part of the cytoskeleton; involved in different functions including the assembly of mitotic spindle, in dividing cells, or axon extension, in neurons.
Plasmodesmata
________: Gated plant cell wall channels that allow the trafficking of molecules between cells and play important roles during plant development and in the orchestration of cellular and systemic signaling responses during interactions of plants with the biotic and abiotic environment.
Glycocalyx
________: Outer coating of many prokaryotes, consisting of a capsule or a slime layer.
Lysosome
________: Digestive organelle where macromolecules are hydrolyzed.
Smaller cells
What types of cells maximize the surface area, which allows for better functioning?
Natural Selection
________: Survival of the fittest.
J Nuclear Envelope
________: Double membrane enclosing the nucleus; perforated by pores; continuous with ER.
Carbonic Acid
When ________ is formed, this leads to a decrease in Hydrogen ions, which makes the pH increase.
Ribosomes
________: Complexes that make proteins; free in the cytosol or bound to RER or nuclear envelope.
Plasmid
__________: Small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that is distinct from a cell’s chromosomal DNA. The genes carried in the plasmid provide bacteria with genetic advantages, such as antibiotic resistance.
Vacuole
________: Is a membrane-bound cell organelle. In animal cells, vacuoles are generally small and help sequester waste products. In plant cells, vacuoles help maintain water balance.
Cytoplasm
________: It is found between the cell membrane & nucleus.
B Centrosome
________: Region where the cells microtubules are initiated; contains a pair of centrioles.
Rough ER
M. ________: Portion of the ER that has ribosomes.
Cell Wall
________: Rigid structure outside the cell membrane.
Flagella
__________: Locomotion organelles of some prokaryotes; enables movement.
EXAM 1 Study Guide Information Review In order to study for Exam 1, I must know all the following information
1
Top to bottom
Organism → Organ → Tissues → Cells → Organelles → Molecules → Atoms
Natural Selection
Survival of the fittest
Variation
Organism changes because of what trait
c. Heredity
What is the genetic component in the trait that is transmissible to offspring
d. Environmental Selective Pressure
How does the environment influence the trait
e. Differential Reproductive Success
Does the trait increase the odds of reproductive success, such as the number of offspring and how
Natural Selection Examples
What is the variation, heredity, environmental selective pressure, & differential reproductive success
Experimental Design
What are the components of the experiment
Independent Variable
What is being changed & manipulated in the experiment
i. Axis
X b
Dependent Variable
What is being measured in the experiment
i. Axis
Y 6
Carbonic Acid Buffer Equation
a
i. Non-Polar Covalent Bond
Atoms share equal atoms
Polar Covalent Bond
One atom is more electronegative than the other
b. Ionic Bond
Attractions between oppositely charged ions (Losing & Gaining)
c. Hydrogen Bond
Weak; Slightly (+) H atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly (-) atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule or in the same molecule
b. Hydrophobic
Having NO affinity for water
The different types of cells
a. Eukaryote i
a. Microvilli
Projections that increase the cells surface area
b. Centrosome
Region where the cells microtubules are initiated; contains a pair of centrioles
c. Cytoskeleton
Reinforces cells shape; functions in cell movement; components are made of proteins
Microtubules d. Peroxisome
Organelle with various metabolic functions; produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a by-product & converts it to water
e. Mitochondrion
Site of cellular respiration, the metabolic process that uses O2 to drive the generation of ATP by extracting energy from sugar, fats, & other fuels
f. Lysosome
Digestive organelle where macromolecules are hydrolyzed
g. Golgi Apparatus
Organelle active in the synthesis, modification, sorting, & secretion of cell products
h. Ribosomes
Complexes that make proteins; free in the cytosol or bound to RER or nuclear envelope
Plasma Membrane
Membrane enclosing the cell
j. Nuclear Envelope
Double membrane enclosing the nucleus; perforated by pores; continuous with ER
k. Nucleolus
Non-membranous structure involved in production of ribosomes; a nucleus has one or more nucleoli
l. Chromatin
Material consisting of DNA & proteins; visible in a dividing cell as individual condensed chromosomes
m. Rough ER
Portion of the ER that has ribosomes
n. Smooth ER
Portion of the ER without ribosomes
o. Nucleus
Contains the DNA
p. Cytoplasm
It is found between the cell membrane & nucleus
q. Fimbriae
Attachment structures on the surface of some prokaryotes (not visible on TEM)
r. Cell Wall
Rigid structure outside the cell membrane
s. Glycocalyx
Outer coating of many prokaryotes, consisting of a capsule or a slime layer
t. Flagella
Locomotion organelles of some prokaryotes; movement
u. Plasmid
Small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that is distinct from a cells chromosomal DNA
v. Chloroplast
Converts solar energy into chemical energy
w. Vesicle
A small sac formed by a membrane and filled with liquid; moves substances into or out of the cell
x. Vacuole
Is a membrane-bound cell organelle
y. Microtubules
Part of the cytoskeleton; involved in different functions including the assembly of mitotic spindle, in dividing cells, or axon extension, in neurons
z. Microfilaments
(actin) Help to generate the forces used in cellular contraction and basic cell movements
Plasmodesmata
Gated plant cell wall channels that allow the trafficking of molecules between cells and play important roles during plant development and in the orchestration of cellular and systemic signaling responses during interactions of plants with the biotic and abiotic environment
Gram-Positive vs Gram-Negative Bacteria a. Gram-Positive
Has a membrane layer of Peptidoglycan in addition to the plasma membrane that is already present
Use Penicillin b. Gram-Negative
Has no membrane layer of Peptidoglycan
Archaea, Bacteria, & Eukarya
What are the 3 domains of cells?
Variation, Heredity, Environmental Selective Pressure, & Differential Reproductive Success
Natural Selection must be met by what 4 concepts?
Acid
______: Is a substance that increases the H+ ion concentration of the solution.
Base
_______: Is a substance the reduces the H+ ion concentration of the solution.
Smooth ER
_____________: A portion of the ER without ribosomes. Synthesizes lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs & poison, and storage of calcium ions.
Gram-Positive
______________: Has a membrane layer of Peptidoglycan in addition to the plasma membrane that is already present.
Gram-Negative
_______________: Has no membrane layer of Peptidoglycan.
Smooth ER
What organelle is at a disadvantage when someone drinks alcohol?
Organism, Organ, Tissues, Cells, Organelles, Molecules, & Atoms
What is the proper way to write Biological Organization from top to bottom?
Independent Variable
What is the variable that is manipulated and changed in an experiment?
Dependent Variable
What is the variable that is measured in an experiment?
Control Group
What variable stays the same in an experiment?
Variation
Trait
Heredity
Genetic component that is transmissible to offspring.
Environmental Selective Pressure
The environment influences the trait.
Differential Reproductive Success
The trait increases the odds of reproductive success, such as the number of offspring.
X-Axis
Where is the independent variable labeled on a graph?
Y-Axis
Where is the dependent variable labeled on a graph?
Plant & Animal
What two types of cells are considered Eukaryotes?
Bacteria & Archaea
What two types of cells are considered prokaryotes?
Biological Hierarchy
Organization
DNA
Information
Note 
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