Exam I Biology Review

This a review for Exam I for biology. It goes over various concepts, such as pH, organelles and their functions, Carbonic Acid Buffer, Ocean Acidification, and much more!

Polar Covalent Bond

________: One atom is more electronegative than the other.

Decrease

When H+ ions are released, this causes the pH to __________.

Microfilaments

________: (actin) Help to generate the forces used in cellular contraction and basic cell movements.

Cytoskeleton

________: Reinforces cells shape; functions in cell movement; components are made of proteins.

Peroxisome

________: Organelle with various metabolic functions; produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a by- product & converts it to water.

Chromatin

________: Material consisting of DNA & proteins; visible in a dividing cell as individual condensed chromosomes.

Fimbriae

________: Attachment structures on the surface of some prokaryotes (not visible on TEM)

Golgi Apparatus

________: Organelle active in the synthesis, modification, sorting, & secretion of cell products.

Vesicle

________: A small sac formed by a membrane and filled with liquid; moves substances into or out of the cell.

Mitochondrion

________: Site of cellular respiration, the metabolic process that uses O2 to drive the generation of ATP by extracting energy from sugar, fats, & other fuels.

Rough ER

____________: Makes secretory proteins & is a membrane factory for the cell.

B Hydrophobic

________: Having NO affinity for water.

Nucleolus

__________: Non-membranous structure involved in production of ribosomes; a nucleus has one or more nucleoli.

Microtubules

________: Part of the cytoskeleton; involved in different functions including the assembly of mitotic spindle, in dividing cells, or axon extension, in neurons.

Plasmodesmata

________: Gated plant cell wall channels that allow the trafficking of molecules between cells and play important roles during plant development and in the orchestration of cellular and systemic signaling responses during interactions of plants with the biotic and abiotic environment.

Glycocalyx

________: Outer coating of many prokaryotes, consisting of a capsule or a slime layer.

Lysosome

________: Digestive organelle where macromolecules are hydrolyzed.

Smaller cells

What types of cells maximize the surface area, which allows for better functioning?

Natural Selection

________: Survival of the fittest.

J Nuclear Envelope

________: Double membrane enclosing the nucleus; perforated by pores; continuous with ER.

Carbonic Acid

When ________ is formed, this leads to a decrease in Hydrogen ions, which makes the pH increase.

Ribosomes

________: Complexes that make proteins; free in the cytosol or bound to RER or nuclear envelope.

Plasmid

__________: Small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that is distinct from a cell’s chromosomal DNA. The genes carried in the plasmid provide bacteria with genetic advantages, such as antibiotic resistance.

Vacuole

________: Is a membrane-bound cell organelle. In animal cells, vacuoles are generally small and help sequester waste products. In plant cells, vacuoles help maintain water balance.

Cytoplasm

________: It is found between the cell membrane & nucleus.

B Centrosome

________: Region where the cells microtubules are initiated; contains a pair of centrioles.

Rough ER

M. ________: Portion of the ER that has ribosomes.

Cell Wall

________: Rigid structure outside the cell membrane.

Flagella

__________: Locomotion organelles of some prokaryotes; enables movement.

EXAM 1 Study Guide Information Review In order to study for Exam 1, I must know all the following information

1

Top to bottom

Organism → Organ → Tissues → Cells → Organelles → Molecules → Atoms

Natural Selection

Survival of the fittest

Variation

Organism changes because of what trait

c. Heredity

What is the genetic component in the trait that is transmissible to offspring

d. Environmental Selective Pressure

How does the environment influence the trait

e. Differential Reproductive Success

Does the trait increase the odds of reproductive success, such as the number of offspring and how

Natural Selection Examples

What is the variation, heredity, environmental selective pressure, & differential reproductive success

Experimental Design

What are the components of the experiment

Independent Variable

What is being changed & manipulated in the experiment

i. Axis

X b

Dependent Variable

What is being measured in the experiment

i. Axis

Y 6

Carbonic Acid Buffer Equation

a

i. Non-Polar Covalent Bond

Atoms share equal atoms

Polar Covalent Bond

One atom is more electronegative than the other

b. Ionic Bond

Attractions between oppositely charged ions (Losing & Gaining)

c. Hydrogen Bond

Weak; Slightly (+) H atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly (-) atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule or in the same molecule

b. Hydrophobic

Having NO affinity for water

The different types of cells

a. Eukaryote i

a. Microvilli

Projections that increase the cells surface area

b. Centrosome

Region where the cells microtubules are initiated; contains a pair of centrioles

c. Cytoskeleton

Reinforces cells shape; functions in cell movement; components are made of proteins

Microtubules d. Peroxisome

Organelle with various metabolic functions; produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a by-product & converts it to water

e. Mitochondrion

Site of cellular respiration, the metabolic process that uses O2 to drive the generation of ATP by extracting energy from sugar, fats, & other fuels

f. Lysosome

Digestive organelle where macromolecules are hydrolyzed

g. Golgi Apparatus

Organelle active in the synthesis, modification, sorting, & secretion of cell products

h. Ribosomes

Complexes that make proteins; free in the cytosol or bound to RER or nuclear envelope

Plasma Membrane

Membrane enclosing the cell

j. Nuclear Envelope

Double membrane enclosing the nucleus; perforated by pores; continuous with ER

k. Nucleolus

Non-membranous structure involved in production of ribosomes; a nucleus has one or more nucleoli

l. Chromatin

Material consisting of DNA & proteins; visible in a dividing cell as individual condensed chromosomes

m. Rough ER

Portion of the ER that has ribosomes

n. Smooth ER

Portion of the ER without ribosomes

o. Nucleus

Contains the DNA

p. Cytoplasm

It is found between the cell membrane & nucleus

q. Fimbriae

Attachment structures on the surface of some prokaryotes (not visible on TEM)

r. Cell Wall

Rigid structure outside the cell membrane

s. Glycocalyx

Outer coating of many prokaryotes, consisting of a capsule or a slime layer

t. Flagella

Locomotion organelles of some prokaryotes; movement

u. Plasmid

Small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that is distinct from a cells chromosomal DNA

v. Chloroplast

Converts solar energy into chemical energy

w. Vesicle

A small sac formed by a membrane and filled with liquid; moves substances into or out of the cell

x. Vacuole

Is a membrane-bound cell organelle

y. Microtubules

Part of the cytoskeleton; involved in different functions including the assembly of mitotic spindle, in dividing cells, or axon extension, in neurons

z. Microfilaments

(actin) Help to generate the forces used in cellular contraction and basic cell movements

Plasmodesmata

Gated plant cell wall channels that allow the trafficking of molecules between cells and play important roles during plant development and in the orchestration of cellular and systemic signaling responses during interactions of plants with the biotic and abiotic environment

Gram-Positive vs Gram-Negative Bacteria a. Gram-Positive

Has a membrane layer of Peptidoglycan in addition to the plasma membrane that is already present

Use Penicillin b. Gram-Negative

Has no membrane layer of Peptidoglycan

Archaea, Bacteria, & Eukarya

What are the 3 domains of cells?

Variation, Heredity, Environmental Selective Pressure, & Differential Reproductive Success

Natural Selection must be met by what 4 concepts?

Acid

______: Is a substance that increases the H+ ion concentration of the solution.

Base

_______: Is a substance the reduces the H+ ion concentration of the solution.

Smooth ER

_____________: A portion of the ER without ribosomes. Synthesizes lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs & poison, and storage of calcium ions.

Gram-Positive

______________: Has a membrane layer of Peptidoglycan in addition to the plasma membrane that is already present.

Gram-Negative

_______________: Has no membrane layer of Peptidoglycan.

Smooth ER

What organelle is at a disadvantage when someone drinks alcohol?

Organism, Organ, Tissues, Cells, Organelles, Molecules, & Atoms

What is the proper way to write Biological Organization from top to bottom?

Independent Variable

What is the variable that is manipulated and changed in an experiment?

Dependent Variable

What is the variable that is measured in an experiment?

Control Group

What variable stays the same in an experiment?

Variation

Trait

Heredity

Genetic component that is transmissible to offspring.

Environmental Selective Pressure

The environment influences the trait.

Differential Reproductive Success

The trait increases the odds of reproductive success, such as the number of offspring.

X-Axis

Where is the independent variable labeled on a graph?

Y-Axis

Where is the dependent variable labeled on a graph?

Plant & Animal

What two types of cells are considered Eukaryotes?

Bacteria & Archaea

What two types of cells are considered prokaryotes?

Biological Hierarchy

Organization

DNA

Information