CH9 // Pt1 Transcription and Translation Overview
Genes
Segments of DNA that contain information about certain traits
Gives us proteins
Transcribed and translated to make proteins
Proteins make a visible phenotype, and the human body
Genes encode traits
Ex: hair and eye color, freckles, blood type
Genes give us the sexes
800 genes encode for X chromosomes, which everyone has one of
63 encode for Y chromosomes
SRY gene
Y chromosome determines sex due to SRY gene
Not found on X chromosomes
Without it fetus automatically develops as female
So having the SRY gene makes an organism male
Gene Expression
Instructions in genes making proteins
Physical traits
Gene expression = transcription and translation
Transcription
Copying gene information in DNA into RNA
RNA
Ribonucleic acid
Similar to DNA, ½ of DNA, single stranded, phosphate backbone
Nucleotides
Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
Uracil
Types of RNA
rRNA
Ribosomal RNA
Part of ribosomes
Ribosomes make proteins from amino acids
Making proteins = whole point of gene expression
tRNA
Transfer RNA
Brings amino acids to ribosomes
mRNA
Messenger RNA
“Messenger” between DNA and protein
Tells ribosome what protein to make
Translation
Proteins assembles according to information in mRNA
DNA Mutations
Mutation = nucleotides incorrect, moved, deleted, added during DNA replication
DNA = sections of genes which give traits
DNA ( and mutations) transcribed to RNA
RNA translated to proteins which make up the human body
Most common cause for mutations
G-T bonds
Rule of base pairings: G-C, A-T
Why?
G-T pairing can change shape so DNA polymerase doesn’t identify it as incorrect
DNA mutation = gene mutations = physical trait mutations
Ex: down syndrome, Type I diabetes, lactose tolerance
Sex Chromosome can mutate too = intersex
Female
X - tuner syndrome
XXX - triple X syndrome
XY - swyer syndrome
Male
XXY - klinefelter syndrome
XYY syndrome
XX - De la Chapelle Syndrome
Not all mutations are scary diseases:
Needing glasses
Heterochromia
allergies
Genes
Segments of DNA that contain information about certain traits
Gives us proteins
Transcribed and translated to make proteins
Proteins make a visible phenotype, and the human body
Genes encode traits
Ex: hair and eye color, freckles, blood type
Genes give us the sexes
800 genes encode for X chromosomes, which everyone has one of
63 encode for Y chromosomes
SRY gene
Y chromosome determines sex due to SRY gene
Not found on X chromosomes
Without it fetus automatically develops as female
So having the SRY gene makes an organism male
Gene Expression
Instructions in genes making proteins
Physical traits
Gene expression = transcription and translation
Transcription
Copying gene information in DNA into RNA
RNA
Ribonucleic acid
Similar to DNA, ½ of DNA, single stranded, phosphate backbone
Nucleotides
Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
Uracil
Types of RNA
rRNA
Ribosomal RNA
Part of ribosomes
Ribosomes make proteins from amino acids
Making proteins = whole point of gene expression
tRNA
Transfer RNA
Brings amino acids to ribosomes
mRNA
Messenger RNA
“Messenger” between DNA and protein
Tells ribosome what protein to make
Translation
Proteins assembles according to information in mRNA
DNA Mutations
Mutation = nucleotides incorrect, moved, deleted, added during DNA replication
DNA = sections of genes which give traits
DNA ( and mutations) transcribed to RNA
RNA translated to proteins which make up the human body
Most common cause for mutations
G-T bonds
Rule of base pairings: G-C, A-T
Why?
G-T pairing can change shape so DNA polymerase doesn’t identify it as incorrect
DNA mutation = gene mutations = physical trait mutations
Ex: down syndrome, Type I diabetes, lactose tolerance
Sex Chromosome can mutate too = intersex
Female
X - tuner syndrome
XXX - triple X syndrome
XY - swyer syndrome
Male
XXY - klinefelter syndrome
XYY syndrome
XX - De la Chapelle Syndrome
Not all mutations are scary diseases:
Needing glasses
Heterochromia
allergies
