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Mark Twain
A writer and humorist active during Period 6 that was well known for his "realistic fiction" books about Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (1835-1910)
Focus of North and South Post-Reconstruction
The South has been left as a "No Man's Land" and most of its population is illiterate - the Redeemers are taking over and trying to return the south to its old ways with Segregation, Jim Crow laws, etc. - without the North to interfere, it's working; the North is more focused on industry/factory building
New South Creed
A movement led by Henry Grady, an editor of the Atlanta Constitution Newspaper - He is still a white supremacist, but believes that the south must be industrialized (factories) and modernized, to become more like and harmonious with the North - but he still wants to keep the segregation and racism! EX. he wants to reduce sharecropping... only to move those African Americans into factories for no pay instead - He wrote in an editorial: "The supremacy of the white race in the South must be maintained forever... ... because the white race is the superior race." His plan fails, because only pockets of industrialization pop up; it does not spread
Plessy v. Ferguson
1896 - Jim Crow laws had never been challenged at a federal level before this case; Plessy was 1/8th African American and tried to ride a whites only bus but was removed - So, he sued the bus because segregation violated the 14th Amendment's "Equal Protection" clause; SCOTUS says: No! Segregation is okay as long as it is "separate but equal" - EX. whites only vs coloreds only buses could be separate as long as they fit the LOOSE definition of "equal"
Redeemers
Usually former slave owners who were bitter about the abolishment of slavery and how the North tried to change "Southern culture" during reconstruction - Large opponents of reconstruction and wanted to redeem the "Lost Cause" of how the old South used to operate - Racism, White Supremacy, etc.
Frederick Jackson Turner
Frontier Thesis - Historian who said that new/unsettled land was the fuel of the frontier and that this is what humanity needed to progress - A supporter of the frontier who thought that it promoted resourcefulness, wit, independence, was a place for the poor and homeless, and solved social problem
Federal Assistance to Railroad Companies
The federal government gave railroad companies land grants, loans, and subsidies (like donations), there was also corruption in railroad funding and scandals - Railroad booms led to the creation of time zones
Transcontinental Railroad Benefits
Moving goods over long distances/outlet of East-West transportation, made travel of people easier, shipped goods in just a few days - development of Sears catalogue, connected the East and the West, made the frontier less isolated and more liveable
Gold Standard and Benefits
Gold Standard - paper money and coins would be equal to a certain amount of gold
The US economy would be more stable/value of a dollar would fluctuate less due to inflation/deflations, every US dollar would be BACKED by gold (more universal)
Immigrants in the West
Increase in immigrants from Asia, specifically Chinese immigrants, freed slaves looking to escape from the South, Native Americans, and Europeans looking to escape from their old lives all moved to the frontier in the West
Homesteaders
Settles who acquired free land from the government in the Great Plains under the Homestead Act
Longhorn Cattle
An animal brought by Spanish settlers that descended from the natural crossbreeding of Spanish and European cattle - Disease resistant, adaptable to harsh weather, could walk long distances, could live far from water, ate only grass; almost went extinct in the early 1900s but were maintained by the U.S. Congress - Didn't do the same from the Buffalo though!
Cowboy Diversity and Life
Cowboys were more diverse than they are depicted - there were Latinos, Europeans, Women, etc. The herded cattle, cared for horses, mended/built fences, worked cattle drives, and even were pioneers in frontier towns - Importantly, cowboys transported cattle that were sold to settlers and Native Americans
Long Drive
Refers to the transport of cattle by cowboys when purchased by settlers over a three-month period - the cattle had to be herded from grassy plains to railroad terminals in Kansas, Nebraska, and Wyoming
Barbed Wire
An invention used to fence in land on the Great Plains, leading to the end of the open frontier - people started dividing land and keeping animals enclosed in certain areas within their own property
Slaughterhouses
The many livestock that came to market in Chicago led to the development of slaughterhouses and also greatly contributed to Chicago's booming meatpacking industry
Winter of 1886 Effects
This was an extremely harsh, dry, and cold winter that ruined the farming industry and the homestead dreams of many people, especially in the Great Plains - this ended the long period of successful farming and was a push toward industrialization
Report on Lands of Arid Region of US and Results
The Report on Lands of Arid Region of US was written by J. W. Powell in 1879 and highlighted the dangers of trying to impose the conditions of a wet country on a dry one - Was a policy recommendation from a scientific/geological standpoint, influenced policy in the Great Plains girl IDK why is there no information on this
General Mining Act of 1872
US law that legalized and promoted mining by private individuals on public lands for just $5 per acre (subject to local customs), and there would be no government oversight of the land - governs prospecting and mining for economic minerals like gold, platinum, and silver on public lands
Boomtowns
A town that popped up suddenly in a mining community where there was a "rush" - didn't last very long, and once the resources in the area were harvested, everyone left and it became a ghost town
Mining Corporations
Individual miners were not very successful - Corporations were formed that led to much more success and an increase in need for labor in the field of mining
Consequences of Mining to Other Industries
Mining was bad for farming/agriculture because it ruined land, left a toll on it with chemicals used to extract minerals like gold and silver, but also helped industries that were present in boomtowns
Alaska Gold Rush
100,000 prospectors migrated to the Klondike region of the Yukon in northwestern Canada between 1896 and 1899 (in Alaska), following the purchase of the state in 1868, this rush aided growth in Northwestern cities like Seattle and Portland
Safety Valve Theory
This theory states that when hardship hits the east coast/cities, the unemployed or marginalized would move west to the frontier, begin farming, and become rich - Since the frontier was closing and we were running out of land to settle, this began urban overcrowding and inner-city problems - the safety valve was gone (the valve was the frontier to release the population pressure in the cities)
Bureau of Indian Affairs
A government agency created to oversee federal policy in regards to Native Americans - managed the removal of Natives from western lands for settling/expansion
Decimation of Buffalo
Native Americans in the Great Plains relied on buffalo heavily for clothing, food, and construction of shelter, so Americans realized that getting rid of Buffalo would mean that Native Americans would be forced to move out of the Great Plains so it could be settled by Americans - People began hunting buffalo for sport, killing thousands daily and not using them at all - 50 million to only 1000 buffalo remained, meaning that they almost went completely extinct
Reservations
Areas of federal land set aside for Native Americans, these are the areas that natives were FORCED to move to from their homelands
Indian Appropriations Act
1871 - This act ENDED the recognition of Native Americans as independent nations, which meant that all previous treaties would be void - now that we didn't see them as independent nations, they were seen by Americans as interlopers/trespassers on AMERICAN soil
Battle of Little Bighorn
1876 - Indian leaders Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse led 7000 natives in their area, and General Custer was sent by the US military with 600 soldiers to forcefully remove these natives from the area - he was arrogant and thought it would be easy - Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse push back and WIN! but they massacre all 600 soldiers, which leaves Americans with a raging vengeance against not only the people under Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse, but against ALL natives indiscriminantly
Battle of Wounded Knee
1890 - Natives had been fighting in the Indian Wars for so long and are exhausted and low on morale - they decide to try a ritual called the Ghost Dance in which they call to their ancestors for help in vanquishing their aggressors - This ritual is loud and involves erratic movements and loud yelling, so the nearby American soldiers see it, are terrified, and think that the natives are getting ready to attack (even though they are unarmed) - So, the American soldiers go in and kill every single one of these natives - only 250k survive in the US and are held in reservations
Ghost Dance
A religious dance performed by Native Americans hoping to communicate with their ancestors - used before the Battle of Wounded Knee to call for help to win against the Americans but was misinterpreted by the US soldiers as a threat
Assimilation
Native Americans were forced to give up their children (some as young as 3) to be "assimilated" in the Carlisle school - basically forced to give up their culture to become as white as possible - also an extremely suspicious number of casualties at this school
A Century of Dishonor
Written by Helen Hunt Jackson and expressed disapproval/exposed the mistreatment of Native Americans by the US government and military - people reacted with horror but then used assimilation as some sort of APOLOGY or SOLUTION
Dawes Severalty Act
Divides up tribal lands and allots 160 acres to each family within a tribe to farm - this is NOT their culture, land used to be shared in communities; this is just another way to assimilate natives into the American way of life and destroy tribal culture - also states: If you stay on the land for 25 YEARS and adopt the habits of a "civilized" life you will be a citizen
New View of Farming
Farming grew more industrialized with new tools like the reaper, Sears catalogue, and crop production increased a lot which also led to inflation within farming communities which was bad - we don't like surplus!
"Crop Lien" System
Storekeepers granted credit to farmers until their farm's crops were harvested - to protect the creditor, the storekeeper could take a mortgage/lien on the tenant's share of crop - this system was abused against uneducated African Americans and resulted in something not unlike slavery
Price Fixing
An agreement among multiple groups to sell a certain product for a predetermined price that would not change - this was to battle the extreme inflation in farms due to new technology greatly increasing crop production
Problems for Farmers in the West
Only 1 in 9 acres of land sold went to farmers, the rest went to railroad companies
When you farm, you need way more than the 160 acres given by the Homestead act (closer to 500!), so you had to buy land from railroad companies
It doesn't rain out in the Great Plains
Sod houses
Low life expectancy (~40-50)
Only travel by foot or by wagon
GRASSHOPPERS; millions hatching in clouds that devour crops in hours
Women on the Frontier
Many of the first states to grant women's suffrage were in the west, because western women played large roles in society - they took care of farms, tended to animals, and ran the lives of their families especially when their husbands died - they pioneered women's suffrage for women in the East
National Grange of Patrons of Husbandry
1867 - "The Grange" by 1870, had 1.5 MILLION members - a powerful voting block for politics - created for educational and social progress purposes - encouraged legislatures to regulate the land price rates of railroad companies (didn't happen)
Farmers Alliance
1870s - Begins in the South (not the Midwest), includes the west by the 1880s, Goals are political and economic changes; have 3 million white members and 1.5 million black members - one of the FIRST biracial groups, and by the 1890s, they form a NEW political party (the Populists)
Cattle Drives
Cowboys herded massive numbers of cattle to the railroads where they could be shipped to the East
Vaqueros
Skilled cowboy-like riders who herded cattle on ranches in Mexico, California, and the Southwest
Buffalo Bill's Wild West
1883 - a circus-like production that created a romantic and mythological view of the West in the American imagination - showed the marksmanship of Annie Oakley, had mock battles between natives and army troops, and had exciting displays of cowboy skills/horse-riding - toured the US, Canada, and Europe, making the West seem more adventurous
The Virginian
A 1902 novel that described the life of a cowboy on a cattle ranch and is considered the first fictional western literature - again, romanticized the life of cowboys and people in the midwest
"Old Immigrants"
Immigrants from Western Europe who had started coming to the US before the 1880s - German, British, Irish, etc. They were pale and usually literate in their language, so they fit in well in American Society
immigrants who had come to the US before the 1880s from Britain, Germany, Ireland, and Scandenavia, or Northern Europe
Push/Pull Factors
PULL: Good conditions that draw people to immigrate to a country, good job opportunities, higher standard of living, etc.
PUSH: Bad conditions that force people to leave their homeland and EMIGRATE, war, persecution (religious, etc.), etc.
Conditions that draw people to another location (pull factors) or cause people to leave their homelands and migrate to another region (push factors)
"New Immigrants"
Immigrants who came to the US after 1880 - EASTERN European, Baltic, Bosnia, Ukraine, Russia, Italy - usually extremely poor and illiterate, less likely to fit in
Assimilation
Social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another, immigrants becoming Americanized and able to live in our society comfortably
Ghetto
An extremely poor, densely populated city district where either an ethnic group or group of poor people is forced to live together by hardship and social oppression
A poor densely populated city district occupied by a minority ethnic group linked together by economic hardship and social restrictions
Ethnic Enclaves v. Chain Migration
Ethnic Enclaves are when people of the same culture would settle in the same area as a defense mechanism and a way to preserve their culture/old way of life, ex. Little Italy
Chain Migration is when entire villages would be drawn to immigrate to a country by word of mouth
enclaves- people of the same culture settled in same neighborhood together (ie. Little Italy, Chinatown)
chain- followed each other from home countries
Thomas Nast
A caricaturist who worked for PUCK making satirical cartoons about things like POLITICAL MACHINES, Boss Tweed, Corruption
A famous caricaturist and editorial cartoonist in the 19th century and is considered to be the father of American political cartooning. His artwork was primarily based on political corruption. He helped people realize the corruption of some politicians
Victorian Morality
Social ideas and standards that were embraced by privileged classes of British Americans during the reign of Queen Victoria
A set of social ideas embraced by the privileged classes of England and America during the long reign (1837—1901) of Britain's Queen Victoria
Cult of Domesticity
View that women should stay home rather than joining the workforce to take care of their husbands and children
idealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands
Jacob Riis
Danish Immigrant who became a reporter and pointed out the horrible conditions suffered by people in tenement houses in big cities where immigrants were forced to live because of rent prices and stuff, wrote the book How The Other Half Lives about this topic
A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote How The Other Half Lives in 1890.
Jane Addams
In Chicago, founded the Hull House, which taught immigrants English and took care of children
the founder of Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and child care classes
Children's Aid Society
A child protection organization that was started by Charles Loring Brace, took children from the streets in large cities and placed them with farm families on the prairie to AVOID things in the city like the lack of education and the CHILD LABOR
A child-saving organization begun by Charles Loring Brace; it took children from the streets in large cities and placed them with farm families on the prairie.
Social Gospel
An idealistic movement that said that we should help the poor for SALVATION by building settlement houses, etc.
A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation.
Settlement House Movement
A social movement that was designed to lessen the gap between the rich and the poor - settlement houses in poor neighborhoods were staffed by middle class workers who wanted to alleviate poverty, social services - Hull House was PART OF THIS HIGHER EDUCATION AND STUFF OMG I CAN'T DO THIS
Social movement designed to get the rich and poor in society to live more closely together. Settlement houses were located in poorer neighborhoods and staffed by middle class workers who hoped to share their knowledge and alleviate poverty
Creation of places that offered social services to urban poor - often food, shelter, and basic higher education - Hull House was most famous
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
1882 - A law that suspended Chinese immigration and was supposed to only last for 10 years but was extended over and over again and was the first law to specifically target a racial group
law that suspended Chinese immigration into America. The ban was supposed to last 10 years, but it was expanded several times and was essentially in effect until WWII. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the first significant law that restricted immigration into the United States of an ethnic working group. Extreme example of nativism of period
Dennis Kearny
Angry Irish man who started the Workingman's Party of California in 1877 that wanted to stop the immigration of Chinese people into America, gained power over the California government and made evil political cartoons
Led the Workingmen's party which was founded in 1877 of 15,000 San Francisco Irishmen
American Protection Association
A Nativist association made that expanded during the panic of 1893, basically blamed the panic on immigrants taking jobs from other Americans
nativist organization that attacked new immigrants and roman catholics in the 1880s and 1890s
"Undesirables"
1875 - Prostitutes and Convicts
1882 - Lunatics and Idiots
1882 - ILLITERATES
