evidence of biological relationships | science 8

Macroevolution

Evolution that happens over millions of years

Microevolution

Evolution that happens very quickly

Why does microevolution happen so fast? (What is the need)

Environmental Pressures

What does a fossil show

Looks, what it hunted, diet, time period it lived in

foramen magnum - what is its purpose

shows where VC conncects to the skull

what does FM movement show?

the transition from quadrupedal to bipedal

quadrupedal FM placement

towards back of skull

quadrupedal meaning/posture

walk on 4 legs, hunched over

bipedal FM placement

FM in middle of skull

bipedal meaning/posture

walk on two legs/upright

DNA is a category of…

molecular evidence

what does DNA contain

All the genes for traits

what does DNA tell us

tells us how we are related to other organisms

what does nucleus contain

genes and dna

where is cytochrome c found

mitochondria

what does cytochrome c help explain

helps explain relationships between organisms

what does cytochrome c help show

helps show relative time of relationship between organisms

embryo

animals in their earliest (initial) stage

vertebrate

animal with a backbone

vestigial structures

structures that are still present but not in use

examples of vestigial structures

appendix, wisdom teeth, pinky toe, tailbone

what do homologous structures indicate (ancestry wise)

common ancestry

homologous structures (form and function)

diff function, similar form

what do analogous structures indicate (ancestry wise)

NO common ancestry

What can cause animals to develop analogous structures?

can be in competition, live in same environment

analogous structures (form and function)

diff form, similar function

divergent evolution (ancestry)

Common ancestry

why does divergent evolution happen

2 diff species created bc of diff environments

what structures are found in divergent evolution? (H/A)

homologous structures

convergent evolution (ancestry)

No common ancestor

Why does convergent evolution happen

Traits evolve to be similar due to similar environment

What structure is found in convergent evolution (H/A)

analogous

what initiates coevolution

Changes in one organism initiates changes in the other because of dependency

What type of relationship does co-evolution indicate?

Symbiotic relationship

Cladogram

Organisms categorized based on presence/absence of derived characters

Outgroup

Has no derived characters, most primitive in the cladogram

Derived characters

Traits, left don’t have it right have it (in CG)