PB200 Exam 1

Extant species

species living today -- 400k+

systematics

evolutionary relationships

latin polynomials

long, descriptive names based on features

-size

-shape

-color

-leaf arrangement

-etc

carl linnaeus

botanist + physician, came up with genus concept to sort into groups of similar characteristics

popularized use of binomial system

phylum

-phyta ending

class

-opsida ending

order

-ales ending

family

-acae ending

Binomial system

genus + specific epithet + authority

species naming

genus + specific epithet

plant uses before recorded history (iraq)

60k years ago

burial cave with pollen from flowers

plant uses before recorded history (neanderthal era)

medicines and dyes

plant uses before recorded history (asia, china, india, egypt)

recorded uses in herbals (medicine)

plant uses in renaissance

formal collections initiated

botany as a formal science

1700s- taught as a discipline in europe

oldest herbal

china - 4700 years ago

oldest surviving herbal

china - 2700 years old

Monocots

one cotyledon

-liliopsida

-liliaceae

-poaceae (grass)

dicots

two cotyledons

-magnoiliopsida

-rosaceae

-solanaceae (nightshade, tobacco)

sources of oils

coconut, almond, peanut, sunflower, canola

Weeds

-fast growing

-absorb light, minerals, and water

-outcompete other plants

gymnosperms

conifers, cycads, ginkgo biloba

seed-free vascular plant

reproduce with spores, almost all terrestrial, two phyla

bryophytes

most ancient land plants, no vascular tissue, reproduce with spores, smallest plants, three phyla

green algae

nonvascular, aquatic, two phyla

herbarium

collected dead specimens preserved, catalogued, organized, and stored

index herbariorum

complete list of herbaria worldwide

-3400 → effort to make them searchable

herbarium function

-research centers (house voucher specimens)

-teaching resources

-extension references (helps with plant ID)

Pressing a specimen

press, dry, mount on herbarium sheet

chemical fixation with alcohol/formaldehyde

takes away pigment but preserves more 3D

desiccation with sand/borax/silica gel

more delicate

encasing in resin

takes up space, expensive

native flora

evolved in location found in

non-native

introduced to current location (did not evolve)

invasive

outcompete native flora, usually nonnative, reproduce quickly, limited predators/competition

requirements for botanical record

1. proper description published and circulated

2. name that conforms to ICN

3. voucher specimen that serves as the “type” for that species

weight increase in plants comes from

h2o absorbed by roots and co2 incorporated into organic compounds

C HOPKINS CAFE MIGHTY GOOD NOT ALWAYS CLEAN. COME IN, COUSIN MOBY

C H O P K N S Ca Fe Na Cl Co Mn Cu Zn Mo B

Macronutrients

.5-3% mass

P N K S Ca Mg Si

micronutrients

.5% mass

hydrogen bonding

negative charge of O and positive of H create attraction between adjacent molecules

last very short time

water cohesion-tension

short hydrogen bond times + continuously formed bonds = cohesive properties

monosaccharides

ribose, glucose, fructose (one sugar)

polysaccharides

sucrose (G+F)

maltose (G+G)

starch

primary energy in plants, composed of glucose, polysaccharide

pectin

glue-like substance between cell walls, highly branched, can stick to water when well hydrated, polysaccharide

cellulose

most abundant and most used polysaccharide, all cell walls have it, long linear chains of glucose bound to each other

lipids include

waxes, sterols, stanols, fats, and phospholipids

phospholipid ( and fat ) composition

hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail (made of fatty acid chains)

saturated fat

single carbon bonds

unsaturated fat

double carbon bonds

functions of lipids

membrane structure/fluidity

energy storage

defense and attraction (cuticle, toxins, aromas)

amino acids

20 different kinds

how many amino acids can humans synthesize

11

polypeptide

made up of amino acids

primary structure of proteins

string of amino acids

secondary structure

folded together, hydrogen bonds

tertiary and quaternary protein structure

more functional forms

uses of proteins

1. enzymes - catalyze reactions

2. membranes - regulate transport

3. energy reserves in seeds for germination

what is a function of herbicides

inhibits synthesis of amino acids (roundup)

Nucleic acids chemical constituents

C H O N P

nucleic acids composition

phosphate group

sugar backbone

nitrogenous base

DNA nucleotides

GCAT

RNA nucleotides

GUAC

Chromatin

folded dna

chromosomes

chromatin packed into longer units

plastids

double membraned structures that perform specific functions

all start at proplastids

maternally inherited

chloroplasts

photosynthesis, most elaborate

chromoplasts

pigment storage

leucoplasts

store macromolecules

amyloplast

leucoplast that specifically stores starch

high mass → fall with gravity

vacuole

stores water, salts, crystals, sugar, pigment

may account up to 95% of a cells volume

primary cell wall

formed at cell division, all cells have it, made up mostly of cellulose

-also: hemicellulose, pectin, and proteins

cellulose in cell walls

primary - less ordered, strong and pliable and allows for cell expansion

secondary - more ordered, rigid and not pliable

secondary cell wall

composed of lignin and cellulose, cells usually die at maturity, can be thicker and make up more volume than primary

INSIDE primary wall

lignin

hard, rigid, not pliable

plasmodesmata

cytoplasmic connections between living cells that regulate transport and are formed at cell division

pits

thinning between dead cells that allow lateral flow of water and solutes

form in place of plasmodesmata after cells die

middle lamella

sticky material between plant cells (composed of pectin)

parenchyma

• living at maturity

• thin primary wall

• storage, may be photosynthetic, can become specialized (most variable)

• isodiametric (spherical) or block-like

• found all over plant, also in meristems (areas of cell division)

simple tissues

only have one cell type as opposed to multiple

collenchyma

• glue

• living at maturity

• more elongated than parenchyma

• primary wall unevenly thickened

• structural support, may be photosynthetic

• found just under the surface of an organ

sclerenchyma

• hard

• dead at maturity

• primary and secondary cell wall

• support and protection

Fibers

• long, dead cells

• provide structural support

• found in vascular or surrounding tissue

sclereids

• isodiametric/branched

• scattered throughout plants

organs of angiosperms

roots, stems, leaves, flowers

three simple tissues

dermal - covering

ground - everything else

vascular - conducting

dermal examples

epidermis, periderm

vascular examples

xylem, phloem

ground examples

cortex, pith, mesophyll

epidermis

• found on young, fleshy organs

epidermis cell type

parenchyma

trichomes

hairs on leaves (epidermis)

glands

epidermis

cuticle

epidermis (waxy layer)

guard cells

specialized parenchyma to regulate gas exchange + water vapor loss from stomata

have chloroplasts

stomatal complexes

openings between guard cells

periderm

found on woody organs

can replace epidermis

periderm is made of

cork cells covered by cuticle