ndfs 100 exam 3

Which of the following is one of the criteria that must be met in order to classify a compound as a vitamin?

Absence of the compound from the diet for a defined period produces deficiency symptoms that, if caught in time, are quickly cured when the substance is resupplied.

Fat-soluble vitamins

• Vitamins A, D, E, K

• Vitamins stored mostly in the liver and fatty tissues

• Vitamins that travel as part of chylomicrons through the bloodstream

Water-soluble vitamins

• B vitamins and vitamin C

• Vitamins that are easily lost during food processing and preparation

• Vitamins that are readily excreted from the body

Factors that can damage or reduce vitamins in food

• Light

• Heat

• Oxygen

How to minimize nutrient losses

• Delay washing and peeling fresh produce until just before eating

• Store fish produce in closed containers in the refrigerator

Cooking method best for preserving vitamin content of fresh vegetables

Steaming or stir-frying

Main function of vitamin K

Activation of blood clotting factors

Vitamin K deficiency

• sterile gut at birth

Food sources of vitamin K

• Dark green leafy vegetables

• broccoli

• asparagus

• peas

Vitamin C toxicity symptoms

• diarrhea

• stomach inflammation

• nausea and GI distress

• higher risk of kidney stones

Food that contains vitamin C

Citrus fruits

Functions of Vitamin C

• Formation of collagen (body proteins) and important for wound healing

• Antioxidant

• Absorption of iron

• formation of other compounds

• Immune function

Vitamin C deficiency symptoms

• scurvy (bleating gums, tooth loss, bruising, scaly skin)

• weakness

• slow wound healing

• bone pain

• pinpoint hemorrhages on the skin

Sources of vitamin D

• Fortified milk

• sunlight is best source

• fatty fish richest natural source

• eggs

Function of Vitamin D

• Blood calcium and phosphorus regulation

• Gene expression and cell growth

Vitamin D deficiency

• weak bones that don't develop

• rickets (infancy and early childhood)

• osteomalacia (adult) soft bones

Vitamin E toxicity

• can interfere with vitamin K's role in blood clotting leading to hemorrhage

• nausea, gas, diarrhea, prolong bleeding

Food sources of Vitamin E

Plant oils

Function of vitamin E

• main is antioxidant

• improve vitamin A absorption

• essential for fertility in many animals

Vitamin E deficiency

• hemolysis (cell membranes of red blood cells break)

Best way to increase intake of folate

Consume a spinach salad topped with strawberries and slivered almonds for lunch

Folate toxicity

folate has limited absorption, can prevent diagnosis of vitamin B-12 deficiency

Function of folate

supply or accept single carbon compounds, metabolize homocysteine, helps form neurotransmitters in the brain

Folate deficiency

Megaloblastic Anemia: folate deficiency, hurts phases of red blood synthesis, decreases blood's capacity to carry oxygen

Function of thiamin

help release energy from carbohydrates, functions in chemical reactions that make DNA, RNA and neurotransmitters

Thiamin deficiency

Megaloblastic Anemia: folate deficiency, hurts phases of red blood synthesis, decreases blood's capacity to carry oxygen

Food sources of thiamin

Grains and protein foods

Food sources of vitamin B-12

• Scrambled eggs (dairy)

• Multigrain cheerios (cereal)

• Turkey sausage (meats)

Vitamin B-12 deficiency

Pernicious Anemia: Vitamin B-12 deficiency, symptoms include macrocytic anemia, sore mouth, depression, back pain, apathy, severe nerve degeneration

Functions of vitamin B-12

folate metabolism, maintaining myelin sheath that insulates neurons

Niacin toxicity symptoms

skin flushing

Function of niacin

coenzyme in energy metabolism

Sources of niacin

-tuna

• poultry

• peanuts

• fish

• cereals

• beef

• asparagus

• coffee and tea

Niacin deficiency symptoms

Initial:

• poor appetite

• weakness

• weight loss

Advanced:

• pellagra

• dementia

• diarrhea

• dermatitis

Riboflavin deficiency symptoms

• inflammation of the mouth and tongue

• inflamed skin

cracking of the tissue at the corners of the mouth

Sources of riboflavin

• cereals

• milk and dairy

• enriched grains

• meat

• eggs

• vegetables such as asparagus, broccoli, spinach

Function of riboflavin

energy metabolism, such as the breakdown of fatty acids

Function of Vitamin A

• Maintains the health of epithelial tissue, which forms a barrier against infection

• Improves vision at night

Foods that contain vitamin A

Eggs, fortified milk, liver, fish, fish oils, butter, yogurt, spinach, sweet potato and kale

Vitamin A toxicity symptoms

birth defects

Vitamin A deficiency

night blindness

How to increase intake of provitamin A carotenoids

Choose a baked sweet potato instead of a baked russet potato

Vitamins with antioxidant functions

• Beta-carotene

• Vitamin E

Function many B vitamins serve in the production of energy

They function as coenzymes