Neurobio exam 2 ch 11

neuroprosthetics

Field that develops computer-assisted devices to replace lost biological function.

motor sequence

movement modules preprogrammed by the brain and produced as a unit

cerebral palsy (CP)

group of disorders that result from brain damage acquired perinatally (at or near birth)

quadriplegia

paralysis of the legs and arms due to spinal cord injury

paraplegia

paralysis of the legs due to spinal cord injury

scratch reflex

Automatic response in which an animal's hind limb reaches to remove a stimulus from the surface of the body.

body map

representation of the human body in the sensory or motor cortex; also any topographical representation of the body by a neural area

topographic organization

neural spatial representation of the body or areas of the sensory world perceived by a sensory organ

action map

Representation of the body performing actions in the sensory or motor cortex; also, any topographical representation of the body in action by a neural area.

position-point theory

idea that the motor cortex allows an appropriate body part to be moved to a point in space

constraint-induced therapy

procedure in which restraint of a healthy limb forces a patient to use an impaired limb to enhance recovery of function

corticospinal tract

Bundle of nerve fibers that directly connects the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord; it branches at the brainstem into an

opposite-side lateral tract, which informs movement of limbs and digits, and a

same-side anterior tract, which informs movement of the trunk; also called pyramidal tract.

corticobulbar tract

Bundle of nerve fibers that directly connects the cerebral cortex to the brainstem nuclei that control facial muscles.

hyperkinetic symptom

Excessive involuntary movement, as seen in Tourette syndrome.

hypokinetic symptom

Paucity of movement, as seen in Parkinson disease.

glabrous skin

Skin that does not have hair follicles but contains larger numbers of sensory receptors than do hairy skin areas.

nociception

Perception of pain, temperature, and itch.

hapsis

Perceptual ability to discriminate objects on the basis of touch or contact.

proprioception

Perception of the position and movement of the body, limbs, and head.

rapidly adapting receptor

Body sensory receptor that responds briefly to the onset of a stimulus on the body.

slowly adapting receptor

Body sensory receptor that responds as long as a sensory stimulus is on the body.

deafferentation

Loss of incoming sensory input, usually due to damage to sensory fibers; also loss of any afferent input to a structure.

posterior spinothalamic tract

Pathway that carries

fine-touch and pressure fibers toward the brain.

ventrolateral thalamus

Part of the thalamus that carries information about body senses to the somatosensory cortex.

anterior spinothalamic tract

Pathway from the spinal cord to the thalamus that carries information about pain and temperature toward the brain.

monosynaptic reflex

Reflex requiring one synapse between sensory input and movement.

pain gate

Hypothetical neural circuit in which activity in

fine-touch and pressure pathways diminishes the activity in pain and temperature pathways.

periaqueductal gray matter (PAG)

Nuclei in the midbrain that surround the cerebral aqueduct joining the third and fourth ventricles; PAG neurons contain circuits for species-typical behaviors (e.g., female sexual behavior) and play an important role in the modulation of pain.

referred pain

Pain that arises in one of the internal organs but is felt on the surface of the body.

vestibular system

Somatosensory system comprising a set of receptors in each inner ear that respond to body position and to movement of the head.

Ménière disease

Disorder of the middle ear resulting in vertigo and loss of balance.

apraxia

Inability to make voluntary movements in the absence of paralysis or other motor or sensory impairment, especially an inability to make proper use of an object.

The cerebellum contributes to motor control by improving movement ...

Timing

The ... organizes movement sequences

Premotor cortex

The main efferent pathways from the motor cortex to the brainstem to the spinal cord are the ...

Corticospinal tracts

... theory states that the motor cortex has a map of where body parts can be in space

Position-point theory

A movement module preprogrammed by the brain and produced as a unit is called a _____.

motor sequence

Corticospinal tract fibers that cross to the opposite side of the spinal cord form the ... tracts

Lateral

The ... contribute to motor control by adjusting the force associated with each movement

Basal ganglia

The part of the thalamus that carries information about body senses to the somatosensory cortex is called the ...

Ventrolateral spinothalamic tract

... is the perception of pain, temperature, or itch

Nociception

Damage to the secondary somatosensory cortex produces ..., an inability to complete a series of movements

Apraxia