limitations of agencies

police, charities, CPS, judicary, probation

police- repeat offenders/ recidvism

• 33% of juviniles reoffend and 29% of adults reoffend

• police are spending time catching re-offenders

civil liberties and legal barriers- police

• Abu- quatada- European court of human rights ruled they cannot charge abu as didn’t commit crime in this country, but cannot deport despite him being threat to our country

• PACE- human rights- detention without charge, human rights are breached

access to resources and support- police

• HMRc issues national shortage in officers and detectives

• in 2012 target was 32,000 officers but only had 27,000 in 2021

• not trained in mental health

• funding fallen by 19%, fall in 20,000 police officers- less people to awnser phone calls and respond to crime

finance- police

• Baroness casey report says that they spent money on night vision goggles they do not need

• funding cuts since 2010- 19%, 20,000 officers leaving

local and national policies- police

• start to prioritise mainly trivial crimes to meet government targets- rape cases take 129 days on average and theft takes 2.

• dedicated 2.1 million to gun, knife and gang crime

envrionment/ crime committed by those with moral impevitives- police

• environment of offenders may not help as cannot remove background- gangs

• those can feel crime is correct and moral- arresting someone doesn’t always achieve fear of punishment

repeat offenders- CPS

• 2023 the CPS case load was 62,806 with 46% reoffending within a year

legal barriers- CPS

abu Qatadarda- European court of human rights ruled they cannot charge abu as didn’t commit crime in this country, but was threat to the UK- can’t achieve public protection

access to resources are support- CPS

• CPS staff and courts are underresourced, leading to backlogs and poorer outcomes for most serious sex offences (if not strong enough told not to prosecute) if understaffed don’t do trial

finance- CPS

• between 2010 and 2018 the CPS budget cut by ¼ and lost 1/3 of staff

• police failing to investigate thousands of cases efficiantly- rape, fraud and modern slavery- due to time contraints and resources

• CPS accused of downgrading charges so can be done in magistrates- quicker and cheaper- offenders getting off lighter as magistrates power is limited

local and national policies- CPS

• focus on certain policies may mean others are overlooked- 14 regional teams who work with local issues have to prioritize national over local

crime committed by those with moral imperitives

• april 2009 to march 2004 the CPS recieved 147 assisted suicide- many saw law as unclear to unfair if CPS prosecute

judicary- repeat offenders

• £24,000 for one trial- funding for other agencies is taken away for repeat offenders, judicial system is ultimate punishment

civil liberties and legal barriers- judicary

• restrict power of courts to punish criminals

• offenders don’t have the right to privacy due to public gallery and media reports

access to resources and support- judicary

• backlog of cases reach 100,000 without action of shortage of judges, would take 3 years to clear current amount of cases without any more people reoffending

finance- judicary

• - since 2010 295 courts have closed down, in england and wales including half of magistrates

local and national policies- judicary

• when certain crimes are highlighted in local/national policies judges may feel pressure to prioritize (july 2094 was southport stabbings and Rubicabana was sentenced in jan 2025)

judicary- enviornment & CCWMI

• consider mitigating factors when sentencing, which may upset the public

• devon extremist Hares Paris diagnosed with autism urged killings of jews (lockdown easily manipulated, lonely ect)

• are punishments pointless?

prisons- reoffending

• 63% reoffend within a year who served 12 months

• high offending rates costs us 15 billion a year

civil liberties and legal barriers- prisons

• freedom of speech? movement? Privacy?

access to resources and support- prsions

• discharge grant for prisoners- housing stops after 13 weeks then hey have nothing

• 15% fall in staff (2010-18)

• 1/3 of prison officers have less than 2 years experience 1:70 ratio

• only two-filths were assessed as good or reasonably good for activities they deliver prisoners colouring pepa pig for education

finance- prisons

• budget cuts leaving understaffed 1 in 7 officers left there roles in 2021/22, ½ had only been there 2 years

• overcrowding- almost ½ of prisons world wide are overcrowded and current prison population in england and wales is 80,000

local and national policies- prisons

• funding can impact rehabilitaion programmers by setting national policies on sentencing guidelines may cause overcrowding.

• token economy not always used

enviornment & CCBTWMI- prisons

• limited education/ rehabilition oppotunities

• 2018 report says prisons had few useful programmes to offer

• 58 deaths in prison due to spice, staff have lost control (BBC doccumentries)

offenders believed they did the right

probation- repeat offenders/ recidivism

• only work office hours- how are they supposed to meet on release

• 54.9% released from custodial sentence of less than 12 months re-offend

• jordan/joseph mcann was released then went on 15 day rampage raping woman aged 11-75 with 3 probation officers and able to commit more

civil liberties and legal barriers- probation

• can they monitor everything- basic freedom rights

• not much privacy

• freedom of movement

access to resouces and support- probation

• over half 55% probation staff are dissatisfied with guidance recieved about how to manage work

• 30% probation under staffed

• 50% probation in london understaffed

• 51% found work load not manageable

• difficult to intergate NPS staff and CRC staff

probation- finance

• over a 5 year period there has been two major restructures of probation costing millions

• between 2010 and 2014 budget reduced by 20%, 11% less than what it was- loss of 10k probation officers

probation- local and national policies

• are private companies different to government run. funding issues in certain areas impact rates

• local policies regarding housing and employment may impact the probation workers abilitiy to do their jobs

environment, crime committed by those with moral imperitives- probation

Environment

• returns to community and have limited opportunities and support which can encorage reoffending- probations job is redundent

Moral imperitives

• waste of time? may only do it once e.g assisted suicide

charites and pressure groups (nacro)- repeat offenders

• high reoffending rates signals that current methods including those of charity and pressure groups may not be sucsessfully addressing root cause of behavior (long list of reasons why people commit crime)

• don’t have benifits for 6 weeks, not enough MH support, issues with stereotyping

Charity and pressure group (nacro)- civil liberties and legal barriers

• freedom of speech and assembly but illegal to initiate violence (just stop oil, blocking east london street)

access to resources and support- charities and pressure groups

• donations, grants and membership fees which can be unpredictable and in sufficiant to meet their seperational needs such as providing housing, education, funding constrants can limit ability to have and retain staff

finance- charities and pressure groups

• relying on donations can fluctuate depending on economic conditions- limit scale of their programs & services

local and national policies- charities and pressure groups

• do not have same resources as state agencies such as funding for research staff making it harder to compete with government effort

• can prioritise areas of types of crime e.g knife or domestic abuse- impacting other agencies

enviornment and crime committed with moral impereitives- chartities and pressure groups

Environment

• lack of funding and support is difficult to overcome the many different reasons as to why people commit crime

CCWMI

• kay gillerdale found not guilty of attempted murder- dignity and dying campaign supports this