In-Text Citations Notes

1. Giving credit to the original author’s work

2. Avoiding plagiarism and academic misconduct

3. Supporting your own claims with credible evidence

Three key reasons for citing sources:

Parenthetical and Narrative

two types of in-text citation:

Parenthetical

a brief reference enclosed within parentheses that acknowledges the source of specific information or ideas used in a research paper or essay. It typically includes the author’s last name and, if applicable, the page number

Narrative

a reference to the source within the body of the text that provides attribution in a more natural and integrated way, typically mentioning the author’s name or the title as part of the sentence

help reader find the original source

purpose of both types of citations

concise, author’s last name, title, description of the source, parentheses

Parenthetical Citations rules

In-text citations should be as _______ as possible

Shortest piece of information such as: _____ ____ ____, ____, or _________ _ __ ______

should be placed within _____

parenthetical

(Smith).

page number

Only include the ____ ______ if a specific part of the source has been quoted or paraphrased

parentheses

The page number should be included in __________ along with the author or title, with no comma in between

(Johnson and Smith 45).

Parenthetical

two authors: list the last names of both authors, followed by the page number if necessary.

Ex. Johnson, Smith, Page 45

et al.

Parenthetical

three or more authors: list the last name of the first author followed by “_ __” and then the page number if necessary.

Ex: (Smith __ __ 56).

use a shortened version of the source title instead

Parenthetical

If the source has no known author…

nae=ra

According to ceramicist Joan Smith…

author’s full name, title or description

Narrative

If information in the paragraph pertains to one source:

Include the ____ ___ _____ within the sentence in an organic way.

You can also use the ___ _ ______ of the source within the sentence in an organic way.

within the sentence that refers to their work.

the next author’s full name (or title, or description)

Narrative

If information pertains to several sources:

• Include the author’s full name (or title, or description)…

• When introducing an additional source, include… within the sentence that refers to that additional source.

directly following the information

Narrative

If information in the paragraph includes a quote or a paraphrase:

• Include the author’s full name (or title, or description) organically within the introduction.

• Place the page number or location in parentheses… that is quoted or paraphrased.

end of the sentence

Narrative

When quoting or paraphrasing several sources:

Include the author’s full name within the sentence in an organic way, followed by the page number of location in parentheses at the…

In a narrative citation, must you always prioritize the use the author’s name instead of the title or description of the source to introduce the cited information

No

In a narrative citation, must you always use either the author’s name or the title or description of the source, but not both?

use a variety

When writing an essay or creating a larger text, should you use both parenthetical and narrative citations, or only one style?