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what is the average depth of the sea?
3.7 km (2.3 miles)
hydrogen bonds
imparts many unique properties to water
covalent bonds
holds molecules together
what are the properties of water that facilitate life?
adhesive and cohesive behavior
important universal solvent
high latent heat of vaporization and fusion
specific heat (1.0 calories /1g/*C)
fresh water is most dense at 4*C
what temperature is water most dense?
4*C
when is water less dense
when its frozen
how do lakes freeze in the winter?
lakes freeze on the surface and stay liquid underneath
thermocline
rapid change in temperature with depth. separates upper mixed water layer from deep water below
describe each thermocline trend
Polar: no thermocline
Temperate: seasonal thermocline
tropics: strong year-round thermocline
what are the 6 major ions
chloride, sodium, sulfate, magnesium, calcium, potassium
which two major ions are most abundant
chloride and sodium
what is the ph of fresh water
7
what is the ph of the ocean
8.2
anything more than 7 on the ph scale is
basic
what makes the ocean more acidic
carbon dioxide
what are the harmful effects of having carbon dioxide in the ocean
breaks down limestone (sea shells)
what causes carbon dioxide to enter the ocean
burning fossil fuels
25% of human generated CO2 is absorbed into the ocean
taxonomy
classification and naming of organisms
taxonomy is a branch of
systemics
steps of taxonomy
name, describe, collect, classify,
ranking system
kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
biological species concept
members of population must be fertile with each other
binomial nomenclature
naming system based on genus and species
neuston
float on water (epineuston)
live right under the surface (hyponeuston)
plankton
drifter
cannot swim against current
phytoplankton
plant plankton
zooplankton
animal plankton
MEROplankton
spend part of their life as plankton
HOLOplankton
some animals spend their whole life as plankton
nekton
active swimmers, move independent of currents
benthos
live on, in, or near seafloor (benthic zone)
trophic relationships
how organisms obtain their energy
autotrophs
make food using light
chemotrophs
make food using chemicals
heterotrophs
cannot make food (shark)
saprotrophs
feed off of decomposing matter
rhizophora mangle
red mangrove
closest to coastline
prop roots direct intake to oxygen
first line of defense
avicennia germanans
black mangrove
pneumatophores: access oxygen from air in anoxic soils
salty leaves
languncularia racemosa
white mangrove
nursery grounds for marine life
white mangrove leaf and seed
rounded
small grapelike seeds
black mangrove leaf and seeds
gray side with salty pores
nutlike seed
red mangrove leaf and seed
oval shaped with pointed tip
cigar shaped seed
mangrove services
climate regulation
fisheries
tourism
water filtration
coastal protection
mangrove threats
logging
climate change
pollution
coastal development
agriculture
how does the gulf steam help coral
the movement of warm water to other places
ekman transport
process by which gyres are maintained
loop current
current that runs though the Gulf of Mexico and through the striates of florida
upwelling
phenomenon where deep, cold, and nutrient-rich water rises to the surface, replacing the warmer, nutrient-depleted surface water.
causes of upwelling
caused by wind blowing along coastlines, which pushes the surface water away from the shore. As the surface water moves away, deeper water rises to fill the void.
downwelling
surface water moves downward into the deeper parts of the ocean. downwelling involves the sinking of warm, oxygen-rich surface water to greater depths.
downwelling causes
Downwelling often occurs when surface waters converge due to wind patterns or ocean currents. When water is pushed together and has no place to go, it is forced downward.
ekman transport
how gyres are maintained
northern hemisphere current motion
moves east when wind is moving north
moves west when wind if moving south
southern hemisphere current motion
moves west when wind is moving north
moves east when wind is moving south
el niño
a reversal of sea surface currents near the equator
warm water moving eastward
how does el niño sea surface temperature differ from normal conditions
Normal Conditions: The equatorial Pacific Ocean has a warm pool of water in the western Pacific near Indonesia and cooler waters in the eastern Pacific near South America.
El Niño Conditions: During El Niño, the sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific become significantly warmer than average (by about 0.5°C to 3°C or more). This warming spreads eastward due to weakened or reversed trade winds.
what causes chop waves
wind speed
wave interaction
ocean depth
topography
symbiosis
a close and often long term interaction between two or more different biological species
how do you escape a rip current?
swim parallel to shoreline
mutualism
both organisms involved gain advantages
commensalism
one species benefits, while the other is neither helped nor harmed
parasitism
where one organism, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the other, the host
example of mutualism
coral and fish
mangrove and crabs
examples of commensalism
jellyfish and juvenile fishies
example of parasitism
copepod and greenland shark
euphotic zone
most light and productivity
disphotic zone
enough light to see but no photosynthesis
aphotic zone
no light
intertidal zone
located at coast between high and low tide
intertidal zone characteristics
temperature changes
flooding
wave action
salinity changes
storms
human disturbance
what factors impact the photic zone
presence of organic matter
deep photic zone: low levels of dissolved organic material allow more sunlight to penetrate
shallow photic zone: opposite
compensation depth
oxygen produces by photosynthesis= amount of oxygen consumed by respiration
Note 
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