Speciation and Macroevolution

A set of vocabulary flashcards for key terms and concepts related to speciation and macroevolution.

Macroevolution

Evolution on a large scale best observed within the fossil record.

Speciation

The process of splitting one species into two or more species.

Morphological Species Concept

A method to define species based on physical characteristics.

Biological Species Concept

Defines species as populations that breed only among themselves, leading to reproductive isolation.

Prezygotic Isolating Mechanisms

Factors that prevent mating or fertilization between species before a zygote is formed.

Postzygotic Isolating Mechanisms

Factors that prevent hybrid offspring from developing or reproducing after fertilization.

Allopatric Speciation

Speciation that occurs due to geographic isolation of populations.

Sympatric Speciation

Speciation that occurs without geographic isolation; typically involves reproductive isolation.

Adaptive Radiation

The rapid evolution of a single ancestor species into various forms that adapt to different environments.

Convergent Evolution

The evolution of similar traits in unrelated species due to adaptation to similar environments.

Punctuated Equilibrium

The theory that evolution occurs in short bursts of rapid change followed by long periods of stability.

Gradualistic Model

The concept that evolution occurs slowly and gradually over long periods of time.

Cryptic Species

Species that are morphologically similar but genetically distinct.

Phylogenetic Species Concept

A method that defines species based on their evolutionary history and common ancestors.

Reproductive Isolation

The mechanisms that prevent different species from interbreeding.

Temporal Isolation

A prezygotic mechanism where species reproduce at different times.

Behavioral Isolation

A prezygotic mechanism where different species have different mating behaviors.

Hybrid Sterility

A postzygotic mechanism where hybrids are sterile and cannot produce offspring.

Polyploidy

A condition where an organism has extra sets of chromosomes, common in plants.

Hox Genes

Genes that regulate the development of anatomical structures in various organisms.

BMP4 and CaM Genes

Genes involved in the development of beak morphology in finches.

Gene Flow

The transfer of genetic material between populations.