botany uses

Umckaloabo® (EPs® 7630)

antibacterial and immunomodulator effect; indicated in acute and chronic respiratory tract and ENT infections like bronchitis, sinusitis, and tonsillopharyngitis.

Cocae folia (Coca leaf)

narcotic and local anesthetic; used by natives against hunger, fatigue, and thirst; involved in making of some refreshing drinks.

Ricini semen (Castor

Oil seed)

Ricini oleum (TF) (Castor

Oil)

Lini semen (Flax seed)

mechanic purgative (volumetric increase).

Mastix (TF) (Sakız)

stomachic (masticatory); also used in some preparations.

Hippocastani semen

anti

Frangulae cortex (TF) (

Rhamni frangulae cortex)

Rhamni purshianae cortex (TF), (Cascara sagrada)

purgative.

Myrtilli folium (Mersin yaprağı)

used against bronchitis and for culinary purposes.

Myrtilli aetheroleum

antiseptic in urinary tract disorders; also used in perfumery.

Eucalypti folium (TF)(Ökaliptus yaprağı)

used in the treatment of asthma and bronchitis in the form of tea.

Eucalypti aetheroleum (TF) (Ökaliptus esansı)

antiseptic in skin and respiratory tract diseases; involved in the composition of many preparations such as toothpaste, gargle.

Caryophylli floris aetheroleum (TF), (Karanfil esansı)

strong antiseptic and analgesic effects; used in dentistry; involved in the composition of many preparations such as toothpaste, gargle; used in food industry and perfumery.

Granati cortex (Nar kabuğu)

anthelmintic.

Punica granatum flower and pericarp

show astringent effect.

Mezerei cortex

irritates the skin; blood collector and stimulant effective; used in rheumatism.

Hederae folium (TF)

sedative to the central nervous system; spasmolytic; given in whooping cough; used in preparation of cellulite removal cream, lotion etc..

Ginseng radix (TF)

tonic and aphrodisiac.

Eleutherococci radix (TF)

immunostimulant; used for physical weakness such as fatigue and exhaustion; as a stress reliever and to increase athletic performance; protective against respiratory diseases; enhances the detoxifying effect of liver.

Coriandri fructus (TF)

carminative and stomachic effects; used in confectionery and as spice.

Carvi fructus

carminative, stomachic, and diuretic effects; the most consumed spice in Europe.

Carvi aetheroleum (TF)

carminative, stomachic, and diuretic effects.

Anisi fructus (TF) (Anason meyvesi)

spice, carminative, aromatizer.

Foeniculi aetheroleum (fennel essence)

used especially for children as carminative.

Ammi visnagae fructus (dişotu meyvesi)

Visnadin shows antispasmodic effect (3 times stronger than papaverine); Kellin expands the heart vessels (coronary dilator), and is used in angina pectoris and coronary insufficiency.

Conii maculati herba

was used in medicine due to narcotic activity (but is no longer used since it is a very poisonous drug).

Conii fructus

contains similar alkaloids (as Conii maculati herba); if confused with anise fruits, leads to intoxication.

Assa foetida (şeytantersi)

sedative in nervous system and antispasmodic.

Angelicae archangelicae radix (TF)

stimulant, tonic, carminative, and diuretic effects.

Bupleuri radix

anti

Myrtilli fructus recens (TF)

edible; also used in some vascular and eye diseases.

Vaccinium myrtillus leaves

shows antidiarrheal and antidiabetic effects.

Uvae

ursi folium (TF) (Uva ursi yaprağı)

Olivae oleum virginale (TF) (zeytinyağı)

used in pharmaceutical technology and in cooking; has cholagogue and laxative activity.

Olea europaea leaves

used to lower blood sugar.

Olea europaea bark of the trunk and branches

used to lower blood pressure.

Strychni semen (Kargabüken tohumu)

its alkaloids like strychnine, brucine, and vomicine are stimulants of central nervous system (should be used with caution due to extreme poisonous nature).

Rauwolfiae radix

used as lower blood pressure; regulative in cardiac deficiency and tachycardia.

Catharanthi herba

used in the treatment of cancer (Hodgkin and pediatric leukemia) due to their antitumoral effects.

Condurango cortex (Kondurango kabuğu)

used in the treatment of cancer and syphilis.

Belladonnae folium (TF)

analgesic and antispasmodic; anti

Mandragorae radix (Adamotu kökü)

was used for analgesic, sedative, and narcotic effects (today only for historical reference).

Hyoscyami folia

has sedative and analgesic effect due to scopolamine; can be used both internally and externally.

Menthae piperitae aetheroleum (TF) (Nane esansı, nane ruhu)

good throat antiseptic, cholagogue, antispasmodic for the stomach, and is also anesthetic; added to many preparations in pharmacy technique, as well as to give fragrance and flavor.

Thymi herba (TF)

used in gastrointestinal disorders, bronchitis, dry coughing; has distinctive antibacterial and expectorant effects.

Digitalis purpureae folium (TF)

cardiotonic, diuretic, regulates cardiac activity, discharges edema.

Andrographidis herba

antipyretic in upper respiratory tract disorders (sinusitis, bronchitis, tonsillitis); used in digestive tract infections; in acute diarrhea; useful in the treatment of herpes due to its antiviral effect.

Plantaginis ovatae testa (TF)

used in chronic constipation due to its laxative effect, hemorrhoids, to lower blood cholesterol, and consumed in diets with vast amount of water.

Cinchonae cortex (TF) (Kınakına kabuğu)

appetizer and tonic; chinin is the specific remedy for malaria and also antipyretic; chinidin shows antiarrhythmic activity; regulates heart movements.

Ipecacuanhae radix (TF) (ipeka kökü)

Emetine is expectorant in low doses and emetic in high doses; additionally the specific remedy for amoebic dysentery.

Sambuci flos (TF) (mürver çiçeği)

diaphoretic and antipyretic; used for symptomatic treatment of flu and cold; effective in moderate upper respiratory tract infections.

Valerianae radix (TF) (valerian root)

good sedative and antispasmodic; used in irritable sleeplessness and nervous deficiency; also has tranquilizer effect.

Valerianae aetheroleum (valerian essence)

used for the same purpose as Valerianae radix.

Matricarae flos

antispasmodic, stomachic, stimulant and wound healer; used in stomach aches, throat aches (in the form of gargle); chamomile water is used to lighten hair color.

Tanaceti parthenii herba (TF)

used against migraine.

Cinae flores or Contra semen

anthelmintic.

Helichrysum plicatum capitulums

antispasmodic and diuretic; used to pass kidney and bladder stones.

Carthami flos (TF)

used as a dye and for the adulteration of crocus (Saffron).

Carthamus tinctorius oil

purgative; used externally for rheumatoid pain; can be used as cooking oil after refining; valuable in dyeing.

Silybi mariani fructus

used in intoxications of liver (alcohol, drugs, mushrooms), in acute and chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and jaundice, to pass bile stones; accelerates regeneration of the liver.

Echinaceae radix (TF)

strongly immunostimulant; increases interferon production; used in common cold and flu as an antiviral and antibacterial; respiratory and urinary tract infections; echinacein also has an insecticidal effect.

Echinaceae herba (TF)

strongly immunostimulant; increases interferon production; used in common cold and flu as an antiviral and antibacterial; respiratory and urinary tract infections; echinacein also has an insecticidal effect.

Opii crudum (TF)(

Opium) (Afyon)

Papaveris rhoeados flos (TF)

colorant in syrups; antitussive.

Sinapis nigrae semen

its allylisothiocyanate (mustard oil) has rubefacient properties; poultice prepared from the seeds are used externally as rubefacient to relieve rheumatoid pain.

Sinapis oleum

used for the same purpose as Sinapis nigrae semen.

Styrax Liquidus or Mia

respiratory tract antiseptic and expectorant; externally as antiseptic, antiparasitory; good odor fixer in perfumery.

Thymiamitis cortex (buhur)

used as incense.

Hamamelidis folium (TF)

astringent and hemostatic; found in the composition of pomades used for varicose veins and hemorrhoids; also used in cosmetic preparations to remove skin wrinkles.

Hamamelidis cortex (TF)

astringent and hemostatic; found in the composition of pomades used for varicose veins and hemorrhoids; also used in cosmetic preparations to remove skin wrinkles.

Rosae aetheroleum (Rose oil)

used in perfumery and cosmetics as an odor fixer, odorant.

Rosae aqua (Rose water)

good anti

Rosae pseudo

fructus (TF) (kuşburnu, rosehip)

Rubus idaeus fruits

antidiarrheic and astringent.

Rubi idaei sirupus (Ahududu şurubu)

used as colorant in pediatric medications.

Rubi fruticosi folium

antidiarrheic, antihemorrhoidal, and astringent; used in the inflammations of mouth and throat in the form of a gargle.

Rubi fruticosi fructus fruits

used as marmalade.

Crataegi folium cum florae (TF)

used in congestive heart diseases, arteriosclerosis, to lower blood pressure (not so high) and in angina pectoris.

Crataegi fructus (TF)

used in congestive heart diseases, arteriosclerosis, to lower blood pressure (not so high) and in angina pectoris.

Laurocerasi recens folia (Taflan yaprağı)

sedative, antitussive, and aromatizer.

Laurocerasi aqua (Taflan suyu)

sedative, antitussive, and aromatizer.

Sennae folium (TF) (Sinameki yaprağı)

purgative (acts on the large bowel).

Sennae fructus

purgative (acts on the large bowel).

Tamarindorum pulpa (Demirhindi pulpası)

laxative.

Ceratonia siliqua dried fruits (powdered)

used in chocolates for children instead of cacao; antidiarrheic in pediatric diarrhea.

Tragacantha (TF) (Kitre zamkı)

swells with water; used in pharmaceutical technology.

Astragali mongholici radix (TF)

immunostimulant; used as tonic in flu, common cold, uterine bleeding, chronic diarrhea, diabetes, and loss of appetite.

Liquiritiae radix (TF)

used in stomach ulcer and as antibacterial (against Staphylococcus aureus); and as aromatizer in various phytotherapy products.

Balsamum tolutanum (TF) (Balsam of Tolu)

used against coughing and found in the composition of expectorant medications.

Physostigmatis semen

constricts the pupil of eye; used to lower eye pressure in glaucoma.

Hyperici herba

used in mild and moderate depressions.

Malvae folium (TF)(Mallow leaf)

emollient and expectorant effects; also used in skin disorders and in the treatment of furuncle externally.

Malvae sylvestris flos (TF)

emollient and expectorant effects; also used in skin disorders and in the treatment of furuncle externally.

Althaeae folium (TF)

emollient and pectoral.

Althaeae flos

emollient and pectoral.

Althaeae radix (TF)

emollient and pectoral.

Gossypium depuratum (Absorbent cotton, Hidrofil pamuk)

used in the sterile isolation of wounds as hemostatic and adsorbent.

Gossypii oleum hydrogenatum (TF)

used in the making of preparations like pomades etc. in pharmacy technique.

Gossypii cortex radicis

used for abortion in folk medicine (toxic and dangerous).