Chapter 12 WHAP Study Terms

Atahualpa (383)

The brother of Huascar, with which he fought and created a weakness for Francisco Pizzaro to exploit, capture Atahualpa to force him to give a large amount of gold, and then kill Atahualpa

*Audiencias* (385)

A review of viceroys by university-educated lawyers in order to prevent viceroys from creating personal power in the Americas, instated by Spanish kings

Brazil (386)

A southern region in the Americas under Portuguese control, decided by the Treaty of Tordesillas

*Conquistadores* (382)

Conquerors and explorers from Europe that came to Australia and the Americas

*Criollos* (390)

Migrants born in the Americas of Iberian parents, second to the top of the social hierarchy

Doña Marina (378)

Also known as Malintzin, the indigenous girl who helped Hernán Cortés take over the Aztecs by translating for him and helped to create a new society in Mexico after the takeover

*Encomienda* (381)

A system of labor recruitment which forced indigenous people to work in mines and fields while Spanish migrants were supposed to care for their workers

*Engenho* (394)

The complex of land, labor, buildings, animals, capital, and technical skills related to the production of sugar

Epidemic Disease (381)

A sudden increase of a specific illness within a community or region

Francisco Pizarro (383)

A Spanish conquistador that toppled the Inca Empire in Peru with his followers

Fur Trade (395)

The trade between indigenous people and the Europeans, fur/pelt → wool blankets, iron pots, firearms, and other manufactured goods

Hacienda (393)

The estate that produced food (grapes, wheat, and meat) for itself and for trade in the surrounding regions

Hernán Cortés (378)

The Spanish conquistador that took over the Aztec empire wiht the help of Doña Marina

Indentured labor (397)

A system of sending people in debt to the Americas in order to pay off their debt through 4-7 years of labor but usually were overworked

James Cook (399)

British explorer that approached Australia from the southeast and charted the region

Malintzin (378)

The other name of Doña Marina, the indigenous girl who helped Hernán Cortés take over the Aztecs by translating for him and helped to create a new society in Mexico after the takeover

Manilla Galleons (393)

Spanish sailing vessel that made annual round trips across the Pacific between the Philippines and Mexico

Mestizo (389)

The combination of American, African, and European races to create mixed offspring

*Métis* (392)

Offspring of French men and native women

*Mita System* (392)

A draft system for getting laborers to work in harsh conditions, 1/7 % of male population of each village sent to mines in Potosí for 4 months

Motecuzoma II (383)

The second to last emperor of the Aztec Empire that was seized by Hernán Cortés and killed in a skirmish between Aztec and Spanish forces

Nahuatl (378)

A language from central Mexico that Doña Marina/Malintzin spoke

New Spain (385)

The Spanish name for Mexican regions under Spanish rule

*Peninsulares* (391)

Migrants born in the Iberian Peninsula, at the top of the social hierarchy

Potosí (392)

The high, cold central region of the Andes mountains know for its silver production

*Quinto* (392)

The 1/5% of the total silver production reserved for the Spanish government, represents the principal revenue that the crown derived from its American possessions

Smallpox (381)

A devastating epidemic disease from Euro-Asia that devastated indigenous populations

Taíno (381)

The most prominent indigenous peoples in the Caribbean, who cultivated manioc and settled into chieftain villages

Tenochtitlan (379)

The capital of the Aztec Empire, which the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés took over

*Terra Australis Incognita* (399)

“Unknown Southern Land” that European geographers expectantly looked for in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans (Australia)

Tobacco (396)

A cash crop first observed in indigenous rituals and later sold to Europeans

Virgin of Guadalupe (398)

Was first a popular shrine at the spot of her sighting known for working miracles for those who visited her shrine, later symbolized Mexican faith and Mexican nationalism. Caused Roman Catholic Christianity to dominate religious and cultural matters with strong indigenous influences

Zacatecas (392)

A region in central Mexico known for its high silver production

*Zambos* (391)

Offspring of indigenous and African parents, at the lower part of the social hierarchy