chapter 5 eukaryotic cells and microorganisms
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49 Terms
host, benefit, host, after bacteria, archaeans, organelles, mitochondria, chloroplasts
overview of the eukaryotes
endosymbiosis - relationship in which a microbe resides within a .. cell to .. the … cell
eukaryotes are believed to have evolved … … and … via endosymbiosis
origin of …. (…. and …)
single, free, parasitic, unicellular, yeast, mold, multicellular, mushrooms, photosynthetic, unicellular, multicellular, invertebrates, flat, round
overview of the eukaryotes
eukaryotes studied in microbiology include
protozoa - … celled .. living or … organisms
fungi - incredibly diverse group that can be .. (… and some ..) or … (…)
algae - group of … organisms that can be … or …
helminths - general term for … that have elongated, … or … bodies
membrane, glycocalyx, wall, flagella, cilia
external structures and boundary structures
all eukaryotes
cell ….
….
some eukaryotes
cell …
….
…..
thicker, complex, extension, membrane, long, cylinder, microtubules, 9, 2
external structures and boundary structures
eukaryotic vs bacterial flagella
10x …
structurally more …
covered by an … of the cell …
…, sheathed … containing regularly spaced hollow …
.. + … arrangement
flagella, shorter, numerous, single, protozoa, animal, feeding, filtering
external structures and boundary structures
cilia
similar in overall structure to …
… and more … - up to several thousand in some cells
found only in a … group of … and certain … cells
function as … and … structures on some cells
outer, direct, environment, extracellular, polysaccharides, fibers, slime, capsule
external structures and boundary structures
glycocalyx: an … most boundary that comes into .. contact with the …
also called an … matrix
composed of ….
appearance:
network of …
…. layer
….
fungi, algae, rigid, structural, shape, chemical, chitin, cellulose
external structures and boundary structures
cell wall - found in … and …
… and provide … support and …
different … composition than bacterial cell walls
… in algae or … in fungi
phospholipids, protein, sterols, stabilize, membranes, permeable, in, out
external structures and boundary structures
cell membrane / plasma membrane - typical bilayer of .. embedded with … molecules
contain …
….. eukaryotic …
selectively …. barriers
sophisticated mechanisms for transporting nutrients … and waste and other products …
compact, cytoplasm, nuclear envelope, rrna, rna, genetic, nucleus, chromosomes, histones
internal structures
nucleus - … sphere, most prominant organelle
separated from the … by the … …
nucleolus - site for …. synthesis
stains more intensely due to its … content
chromatin - … material in the … that can be compacted into … with the help of ….
tunnels, transport, storage, surface, proteins, packaging, transport, not, synthesis, storage, nonprotein
internal structures
endoplasmic reticulum: microscopic series of … used in …. and …
rough endoplasmic reticulum
ribosomes attached to its …
…. held for … and …
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
does … contain ribosomes
… and … of … molecules
protein modification, transport, flattened, disc, endoplasmic reticulum, transitional vesicles, golgi, polysaccharides, lipids
internal structures
golgi appratus: site of … … and …
consists of a stack of …, … shaped sacs
closely connected to the .. …
ER forms .. … that are picked up by the … apparatus
golgi appratus adds .. and .. to the proteins in the transitional vesicles
nucleus, synthesized, ribosomes, deposited, rer, transported, golgi, modified, vesicles
internal structures
genetic information originates from the ….
proteins are … on … and … into the ….
proteins are then …. to the … apparatus to be chemically … and packaged into ….
golgi, enzymes, intracellular digestion, food, protection, microorganisms, membrane, fluids, solid, digested, excreted, stored
internal structures
lysosomes
originate from the … apparatus and contain a variety of ….
involved in …. … of … and … against invading ….
vacuoles
… bound sacs
contain … or … particles to be …, ….., or ….
energy, folds, inner, enzymes, electron, aerobic respiration, ribosomes, dna, enzymes, metabolism
internal structures
mitochondria supply the bulk of the … in a cell
structure:
cristae: … on the .. membrane that hold the … and .. carriers of … …
matrix: holds …, …, and … and other compounds used in …
independently, circular, bacteria, engulfed, organelles, endosymbiotic
internal structures
mitochondria have unique characteristics for organelles
divide … of the cell
contain … strands of dna
have … size 70s ribosomes
these characteristics provide evidence that mitochondria were cells … by other cells and became … (… theory)
sunlight, chemical, photosynthesis, primary, organic nutrients, primary, oxygen
internal structures
chloroplasts are photosynthetic machines
capable of converting the energy of … into … energy through ….
photosynthetic role of choroplasts:
… producers of all … …
… producers of …. gas
freely, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, rer, mitochondria, chloroplasts, short, large, small, ribonucleoprotein
internal structures
ribosomes are protein synthesizers that are distributed throughout the cell
scattered … in the … and …
attached to …
inside … and …
polyribosomes: … chains of ribosomes
eukaryotic ribosomes are similar to bacterial ribosomes in structure
…. and … subunits of ….
anchoring, rna, vesicles, shape, movement, actin, intermediate, microtubules
internal structures
the cytoskeleton is a flexible support network
functions:
… organelles
moving … and ..
permitting … changes and …
3 main types
…. filaments
… filaments
…..
mushrooms, molds, yeasts, mycology, mycosis
the fungi
approx. 5 million species of fungi can be divided into 2 groups
macroscopic fungi: …, puffballs, gill fungi
microscopic fungi: …, …
….: the study of fungi
….: fungal infection
round, oval, asexual, long, thread, filamentous fungi, molds, chains, yeast, dimorphic
the fungi
yeast cell:
… to … shape
uses … reproduction
hyphae
…., … like cells found in … … or ….
pseudohyphae: … of ….
….: - some fungi can take either form
substrates, dead plants, animals, bodies, living
the fungi
fungi have a variety of nutritional requirements
heterotrophic
acquire nutrients from a wide variety of …
saprobes
obtain substrates from … …. and ….
parasites
live on the … of … animals and plants
loose, colonies, woven, intertwining, hyphae, body, colony, mold, cross, hyphae, segments, reproductive
the fungi
most microscopic fungi grow in … associates or ….
mycelium: the …, …. mass of … that makes up the … or …. of a …
septa: … walls dividing … into …
spores: fungal … bodies
outward, hyphae, separated, mycelium, new, spore formation
the fungi
fungi have many complex and successful reproductive strategies
simple … growth of existing …
fragmentation: … piece of … can generate a whole … colony
primary reproductive mode: … …
asexual, cleavages, sporangium, free, not, spore, sac
the fungi
fungi can also undergo .. reproduction
sporangiospores
formed by successive …. within a ….
conidospores or conidia:
… spores … enclosed by a … bearing …
genetic, combine, form, function, advantageous, adaptation, survival
the fungi
purpose of fungal sexual spores
important variations occur when fungi of different … makeup …. their genetic material
slight variations in the .. and .. are potentially … to the … and … of the species
accidental, soil, water, dust, environmental, fungal, clinical, weakened, allergies, neurological, toxin
the fungi
most human fungal infection occurs through … contact with …., …., or …
pathogenic fungi
community acquired infections caused by … pathogens
hospital associated infections caused by … pathogens in .. settings
opportunistic infections caused by pathogens infecting already … individuals
other medical conditions caused by fungi
…
… conditions due to .. production
corn, grain, fruit, fungi, decomposing organic, minerals, soil, stable, plant roots, increase water, nutrient, antibiotics, alcohol, organic, vitamins, flavoring, beer, wine, rise
the fungi
negative industrial impact
a number of species are pathogenic to …. and ….
40% of the … crop each year is consumed by …
positive industrial impact
essential role in … … matter and returning essential … to the …
form … associations with … … that … … and … absorption
production of …, …, … acids, and ….
food …
alcohol in … and …, gas that causes bread to ….
algae, protozoa, protista, eukaryotic unicellular, colonial, true tissues
the protists
… and … have been traditionally combined in the kingdom …
protist: any … …. or … organism that lacks … …
photosynthetic, seaweed, kelp, all, green chlorophyll, yellow, red, brown
the protists
algae are the photosynthetic protists
group of … organisms
… and … are the most recognizable
the algae exhibit … the eukaryotic organelles
chloroplasts contain .. …
other pigments create …, …, and … coloration
fresh, marine, floating, microscopic, food, oxygen, ingestion, toxins, red tide
the protists
algae are widespread inhabitants of … and … water
plankton:
… community of … organisms
essential role in the aquatic … web
produce most of the earth’s …
primary medical threat from algae is through … of …. during a … ….
single, harmless, water, soil, parasites, infections
the protists
protozoans are the … celled protists which include about 65,000 species
most members are … inhabitants of the … and …
a few species are …. responsible for hundred of millions of … in humans per year
single, all, chloroplasts, mouths, digestive, reproductive, locomotion
the protists
protozoans are .. cells containing .. major eukaryotic organelles except …
organelles can be highly specialized into structures analogous to:
…
… systems
…. tracts
legs — means of ….
heterotrophic, complex organic, dead, debris, live, bacteria, algae, fluids, host, plasma, digestive, tissues
the protists
protozoans are … and require their food in … … form
free living species:
scavenge …. plant or animal …
graze on .. cells of .. and …
parasitic species
live on … of the … such as … and … juices
may actively feed on …
pseudopods, feeding, vary, entire surface, patterns
the protists
protozoans use locomotive structures to move
…. ('“false feet”)
amoeboid motion that serve as … structures
flagella
… in number one from to several
cilia
distributed over the … … of the cell in characteristic ….
pseudopodia, phagocytosis, amoeba
the protists
protists can be subdivided into groups
sarcodina
move using …
…
includes …
entamoeba histolytica
naegleria fowleri
cilia, free, paramecium
the protists
protists can be divided into groups
ciliphora
move using … “eyelashes"
most are .. living
….
flagella, complex, parasitic
the protists
protists can be subdivided into groups
mastigophora
move using … (whip)
… life cycles
many … species
non motile, obligate, apicomplexans
the protists
protozoans can be subdivided into groups
sporozoa
.. … protozoa
… parasites
…..
motile, ample, moisture, active, dormant, resting, unfavorable, growth, feeding, disease
the protists
protists have feeding and dormant stages in their life cycles
trophozoite
… feeding stage
requires … food and .. to remain …
cyst
…, …. stage
formed when conditions become … for … and …
important factor in spread of ….
trophozoite, conditions, transmission, asexual, mitosis, multiple fission, sexual, genetic, 2, micronuclei
the protists
life cycles vary from simple to complex
some protozoan groups exist only in … state
many types alternate between trophozoite and cyst stage depending on the … of the habitat
life cycle dictates the mode of …
protozoan reproduction
simple, … methods, usually …
several parasitic species reproduce by … …
… reproduction also occurs
conjugation: form of … exchange between .. cells where cells fuse to exchange …
protozoa, helminths, protozoan, helminth
the protists
parasitology: study of … and …
parasite: term most used to denote … and .. pathogens
tapeworm, flukes, roundworms, large
the helminths
….
…
…
usually … enough to be seen with the naked eye
1 mm to 25 m in length
multicellular, organs, organ, reproductive tract, digestive, excretory, nervous, muscular, thick, protection, mouth, tissue
the helminths
… animals equipped with … and … systems
… … is the most developed
primitive …, …, …, and … systems
… cuticles for …
… glands for breaking down the host’s ….
fertilized, larval, adult, nutrients, sexually, host
the helminths
complete life cycle
… egg
… stage
… stage
majority of helminths derive … and reproduce … in the … body
morphologies, separate, hermaphroditic, male, female, one, hermaphroditic, egg, larva, host, different, same, larval, adulthood, mating
the helminths
nematodes: sexes have different ….
trematodes: sexes are …. or … (both … and … sex organs in … worm)
cestodes: generally …..
general life cycle
transmission of an …. or … to the body of another …, either a … or the … species
intermediate (secondary) host: the host in which … development occurs
definitive (final) host: host in which … and … occur
food, soil, water, animals, oral, penetration, unbroken, host, reservoir, animals, insect
the helminths
sources for human infection:
…., …, …., infected …
routes of infection
… intake or … of … skin
humans are the definitive … for many species and the sole biological …. for about half of the diseases
… or … vectors can also serve as reservoirs
common, large intestine, pinworm, mm, tapered, curved, simple, not
the helminths
enterobius vermicularis
causes a very … infestation of the .. … (… infection)
worms range from 2 to 12 … long
…., … cylinder shape
…., uncomplicated infection that does … spread beyond the intestine
lymphatic, edema, limbs, varies, tapered, curved
the helminths
lymphatic filariasis
causes an obstruction of … vessels, which leads to severe … in the …
the species responsible …
…., …. cylinder shape
human, restricted, tropical, 50, evolved, free, autoimmunity, allergy
the helminths
about 50 species of helminths parasitize humans
distributed in all areas of the world that support … life
may be geographically ….; higher incidence in … areas
yearly estimate of wordwide case numbers in the billions
conservative estimate of … million infections in north america
humans …. in the constant presence of helminths
only recently have humans evolved into a helminth … existence
absence of helminth infections may contribute to … and ….