WEEKS 1 - 4: Flashcards

What is an Information System, Digital Transformation, Industry 4.0...

Focus of Computer Science (CS)

The “How” of Software Logic, Algorithms, and Technical Theory.

Focus of Information Systems (IS)

The “Why” of technology: Business processes, strategy, and user needs

Focus of Information Technology (IT)

The “Where” of Systems, Infrastructure, hardware, and networking

Goal of CS

To build better, faster, and more efficient software/tools

Goal of IS

To solve organizational problems and create business value

Goal of IT

To ensure the technological environment is secure, stable, and available

Skillset of CS

Deep Coding, Data Structures, Discrete Math

Skillset of IS

System Analysis, Project Management, Data Analytics

Skillset of IT

Cybersecurity, Network Admin, Tech Support

Data

Raw Material; Numbers and strings of letters with no precise context or meaning

Information

• Data processed with knowledge — has relevance and purposed

• Data when its creator adds meaning

  • “Organized, meaningful and useful interpretation of data”

Knowledge

Awareness and understanding of a set of processed material and how it can be put to its best use

Characteristics of Valuable Information

Relevant, Complete, Accurate, Timely, Economical, Accessible

Determining the value of information

Measurements

• Time saved, lower costs

• More accurate forecasts

• Improved service

Often difficult to quantify

System

• Set of interrelated components

• w/ clearly defined boundary

  • work together to achieve a goal by accepting input, processing it, and producing output in an organized manner

Components of a System

Inputs → Processing → Outputs → Feedback → Input

Input

Gathering and capturing raw data

Processing

Converting or transforming data into useful outputs

Output

Producing useful information in documents

Feedback

Comments or suggestions used to improve input or process

Closed System

Stands alone

No connection to other systems

Open System

Interfaces and interacts with other systems

Gets information from and provides info to other systems

Efficiency

A measure of what is produced divded by what is consumed

Effectiveness

A measure of what is achieved divided by the stated goal

Effectiveness

A measure of what is achieved divided by the stated goal

System Variable

A quantity/item that can be controlled by the decision maker (controllable)

e.g. selling price

System Parameter

A value/quantity that cannot be controlled by the decision maker (uncontrollable)

e.g. raw material costs

Information System

• Components that work together to process data and produce information (to help companies solves problems and make decisions)

• Stores, retrieves, transforms, and spreads out information in an organisation

Components of a computer-based information system

Hardware, Software (Operating Systems, Applications), Databases/Data Resources, Telecommunications/Networks, People, Procedures

Types of business information systems

Transaction Processing, E-Commerce, Workflow, Entertainment Resource Planning, Management Information, Decision Support, Artificial Intelligence

What does IS do for a business?

1. Support Strategies for Competitive Advantage

   1. e.g. Where your child will go for college

2. Support Business Decision Making

   1. e.g. Should another building be built?

3. Support Business Operations and Processes

E-Business

Use of internet technologies to work and strengthen business processes, e-commerce, and enterprise collaboration within the company and with its customers, suppliers, and other stakeholders

E-Business Use

• Reengineer internal business processes

• Enterprise collab systems

  • Support communications and coordination. and collaboration among teams and work groups

E-Commerce

Buying, selling, marketing and servicing of products and services over computer networks

Operational Level

• Day-to-day operations

  • Ex. coffee shop manager wanting to know whether to order coffee or not for the next week

Transaction Processing Systems

• Track and capture automated or semi-automated transactions

• Main Job:

  • Validate, sort, merge, calculate, update data from transactional events

    • Create summary report

Process Control Systems

• Monitor and control physical processes

• Sensor input data → Generate Report

  • Analyzed by Operational Manager

• Industrial and Manufacturing Applications

• Ex.

  • Assembly Lines

  • Petroleum Refineries

Middle Management Level

• Tactical Decisions for Organisation Strategy

  • Divisional Plans, Structuring workflows, distribution channels, resource acquisition, such as personnel, materials and money

• Ex. Deciding whether or not to open the coffee shop earlier in the morning or on weekends to attract new customers

Management Information Systems

• Built on data from transaction processing systems

• Data extracted from databases from other departments

  • Compile reports

    • Ex. Sales analysis, inventory reports, financial statements

• Little or no analytical capability

• Provides reports on firm’s past or present

• Ex. Sales Management, Inventory control, budgeting, human resource management

Decision Report System

• Help solve ill-structured/semi-structured problems

• Analytical and/or modelling capabilities

  • Structured information

• Allows managers to project potential efforts of decisions in to the future

• May support info exchange in organization

• Knowledge Management Systems

• Ex.

  • Group decision support

  • Computer-supported cooperative work

  • Logistics

  • Financial Planning

Executive Level

• C-Suite

• Chief Officers of various functions

• Make strategic decisions that affect and shape the future survivability of an organization

Executive Information Systems

• Analyze the environment where the organization operates in

  • Long-term trends, appropriate course of aciton

• Info here is weakly structured, so it is built on lower departments (like MIS, DSS)

• Highly individualized, custom-made for a particular group

• Straightforward digital dashboard w/performance analytics

• AI-Driven analytics for complex and accurate insight based on natural langauge queries

Digital Transformation

Using Digital technology to significantly improve an organization that could not be achieved by traditional means

5 Essential Components of a digital transformation

People → Data → Insights → Action → Results → Data…

Industrial Revolution

1. Fundamental Change in the way we live, work, and communicate

   1. Enabled by extraordinary technology advances

2. Merge the physical, digital and biological worlds to create both promise and peril

1st Industrial Revolution

• Production Technology

• Steam and water

• Mechanization and single-task automation

2nd Industrial Revolution

• Production Technology

• Mechanical control systems for machine automation

• Mass production

3rd Industrial Revolution

• Production Technology

• Electronics

• Information and communication technology

• Mechatronics and flexible automation with robotic arms for automotive, electronics

• Lean production

4th Industrial Revolution

• Advanced Digital Production Technology

• Electric and renewable energy

• Software platforms

• Industrial internet of things

• Big data analytics

• Artificial Intelligence

• Sensors

• Industrial robots, cobots (collaborative robots)

• Additive manufacturing

• Smart production

Industry 4.0 Ecosystem

Integrating intelligent digital technology like cybersecurity, cloud computing, big data, advanced manufacturing systems, internet of things, and industrial processes to create “smart factories”

Smart Factory

“Plant of the future”

Production happens by

• Machines, robots and systems talking to each other

• Decisions being made using real-time data

Production can change quickly based on demand

Powered by Advanced Manufacturing Systems

Advanced Manufacturing Systems

• Powers the smart factories along with cloud computing

• Includes:

  • Cyber-physical systems (CPS)

  • Numerical command and automation

  • Machine-to-machine communication

  • Fully interconnected systems

Cyber-Physical System

Physical machine connected to a digital system

Sensor

Detects defects and deviation, traces products, and anticipates failures to ensure the ecosystem runs smoothly

Big Data

Where sensor data goes to, to make sense of complexity, support creativity and collaboration, and improve decision-making.

Cloud Computing

Stores massive data, allows systems to be accessed remotely, enables collaboration across locations

Cybersecurity

Because everything is connected Systems must be protected from attacks. Data integrity and safety are critical

3D printing / additive manufacturing

scrap elimination, rapid prototyping, Mass customization

Nanotechnology / Advanced Materials

Enables smarter, lighter, stronger materials, technical differentiation, better connectivity and performance

Robots in industry 4.0

perform autonomous tasks in real-time, increase productivity, and provide real-time production data

Internet of Things (IoT)

Connects machines, products and systems to enable object tagging (each product is identifiable), real-time data capture, optimized inventory, and reduced waste

Suppliers

Digitally connected to manufacturers, enabling synchronized and flexible supply chains

Customers

Preferences and data directly affect product design and manufacturing processes

Resources of the future

Renewable energy sources and alternative materials used to support sustainable manufacturing

Sustainability

Reduces waste, lowers energy consumption, promotes environmentally responsible production