Anatomy and Physiology - Chapter 8 Joints and Movement

articulation of joint

place where two bones come together

freely moveable to no apparent movement

structure correlated with movement

how joints are named

according to bones or parts united at the joint

according to only one of the articulating bones

by latin equivalent of common name

structural classes of joints

based on major tissue type that binds bones

fibrous

cartilaginous

synovial

functional classes of joints

based on degree of motion

synarthrosis- immovable

amphiarthrosis- slightly movable

diarthrosis - freely movable

synarthrosis

usually fibrous joints

immoveable

amphiarthrosis

usually cartilaginous

slightly moveable

diarthrosis

usually synovial

freely moveable

characteristics of fibrous joints

united by dense fibrous connective tissue

between bones in close contact

have no joint cavity

move little or none (synarthrotic)

Types of fibrous joints

sutures

synedesmoses

gomphoses

sutures

seams between bones of the skull

not ossified in adults

synostosis

ossifed suture

epiphyseal plate

synedesmoses

bones farther apart than suture and joined by ligaments

some movement

radioulnar syndesmosis

gomphoses

specialized joints

pegs that fit into sockets

inflammations (gingivitis and periodontal disease)

tooth in socket (inflammation causes tissue destruction)

cartilaginous joints

unite two bones by means of cartilage

usually amphiarthrotic

sychondrosis

symphysis

synchondrosis

joined by hyaline

little or no movement (synarthrotic)

epiphyseal plate

joint between the first rib and sternum

symphysis

pubic symphysis

intervertebral discs

junction between manubrium and the body of the sternum

synovial joints

allow considerable movement (diarthrotic)

most joints that unite bone of appendicular skeleton

complex

bursae

complexity of synovial joints

articular hyaline cartilage

joint cavity and capsule

synovial membrane and fliud

bursae of synovial joints

pockets of synovial fluid

bursitis

types of synovial joints

plane or gliding

saddle

hinge

pivot

ball-and-socket

ellipoid (condyloid)

plane or gliding joints

monoaxial (movement in 1 plane)

articular processes between vertebrae, intercarpal and intertarsal joints

pivot joints

monoaxial

articulation between dens of axis (C2) and atlas (C1) of the spine

proximal radioulnar joint

saddle joints

biaxial

carpmetacarpal joint of the thumb

hinge joints

similar in structure and function to a door hinge

monoaxial

elbow and knee

ellipsoid (condyloid joint)

modified ball and socket

biaxial

atlantooccipital joint (where C1 meets the skull)

metacarpophalangeal joints of the hand (knuckles)

ball-and-socket joints

multiaxial - movement in all planes

shoulder and hip

movement in joints

when discussing types of movement, refer to the anatomical position, either starting in the anatomic position and moving away from that position or moving a part back towards the anatomic position

gliding

two surface glide over one another

intercarpal and intertarsal

angular movement

flexion and extension (hyperextension and plantar and dorsiflexion)

abbduction and adduction

circular movement

rotation

pronation and suppination

circumduction

flexion

occur in sagittal plane

angle gets smaller

usually bending

extension

occur in sagittal plane

angle gets bigger

usually straightening

dorsiflexion

like walking on heels

plantar flexion

ballerina on toes

abduction

moving of a body part away from the central axis of the body

adduction

moving of a body part toward the central axis of the body

rotation

occur about an axis

move head to right and left

pronation

forearms and feet

palms down

flat feet

suppination

forearms and feet

palms up

arched feet

circumduction

form a cone in space with a body part

elevation

shoulders and jaw

close mouth

depression

shoulders and jaw

open mouth

protraction

shoulders and jaw

shoulders forward

retraction

shoulders and jaw

shoulders back

excursion

cow chewing cud

opposition

bring thumb and pinky together

reposition

thump and pinky apart

inversion

ankle

turn sole of foot medially

eversion

ankle

turn sole of foot laterally

range of motion influenced by

shape of articular surfaces forming joint

amount and shape of cartilage covering surfaces

strength and location of ligaments and tendons

location of muscles associated with joint

amount of fluid in and around the joint

amount of use/disuse of joint

amount of pain in and around the joint

osteoarthritis

wear and tear

rheumatoid arthritis

caused by transient infection or autoimmune disease

lyme disease

tick vector

gout

metabolic disorders of unknown casue (idiopathic)