Western Civ Exam 4

Age Of Discovery

Period of European oversees exploration & rise of colonialismm

Age of sail

What makes the age of discovery possible, advanced natural construction, & contributed to great divergence

First Portuguese discoveries

mapped canary islands & discovered madeira and Azores islands

Prince Henry the navigator

Portuguese royalty who doesn’t go on journey but sponsors them

The unkown

sea monsters, the flying dutchman, prester john

Gil Eanes

1 of 1st good & notable explorers. Who sails to cape bojador

Portugal exploration

sail around africa & set up bases everywhere they go

African exploration

moved inland, explored rivers & estuaries, and created monopoly over gold cost trade

Barthalomew Dias

1st European to navigate Cape Good Hope & created new trade routes

Vasco Da Gama

sailed around africa & arrived in india, where he became governor and started European colonialism

Spain & exploration

spanish kingdom envious of portugal & take offer of italian cristobal columbus to sail to india

Pre-columbian north america

people groups with lifestyles according to typography & geography

Barring straight

sheet of ice from north alaska

hopewell culture

have trade networks & are moundbuilders

the buffolo

expand from north canada to gulf coast

The big three tribes

Aztec, Maya, & Inca

The Mayans

happening concurrently with roman empire

Mayans political system

nation-states led by kings and priests

Mayan culture

Agrarian (grow food), deeply religious, & studied mathematics and astronomy

Aztec empire

most closely related with infamy (what they do has most staying power)

Aztec Military power

unrivaled, sunjected local people, king moctezuma consolidated power

Aztec social organization

1. nobility class (determined by clothing)

2. Maclehualtin (dedicated to food production)

3. Slaves

Aztec obsession

death & believe gods are only in favor of blood

Aztec religion

believed in circular reality, gods wanted blood, religious life organized by calendar, & sometimes were cannibals

The inca

• Capital city Kuzco

• Divine absolute monarchy

• Did not have tools

• Pack animal was a lama

Cristobal Clumbus

makes proposal to queen Isabella & king ferdinad to go west

Columbus’ ships

Nina, Pinta, & Santa Maria

first encounters

landed in Bahamas where columbus thought they were in India

Signs of land

light & vegitation

Columbus’s 1st encounter

spreading Christianity & gain wealth were primary objectives. And jouned Taino in fighting carib nation

Columbus’s later voyages

spain disappointed about not going to india

Francisco de Bobadilla

investigates Columbus’s actions

Vaco Nunez & Balboa’s voyages

crosses jungles of panama & sees another body of water leading to them to sail around the world

Juan Ponce de Leon

Looking for fountain of youth

Conquistadors & invasion of mexico

explorers / generals who’s jobs are to conquer land for spanish

Herman Cortes

led men to medico, & interacted w/ aztec leader Montezuma 2nd

War against aztecs

spanish want to leave. Cortes sets his ships on fire saying they’ll conquere the aztecs or will die trying

Defeat of aztecs

• technology & small pox

• spanish has firearms, steel, cannons, & warhorses

Francisco Pizzaro & the inca

pizzaro allies with local tribes tired on incan rule

treaty of Tordesillas

everything to the left is mine and everything to the right is yours (split the world)

Spanish main

epicenter of spanish colonies able to have gold shipped

St. Augustine

Old city in North America founded by spanish & is safe haven from storms

Casta system

1. Pennisular: people born in spain

2. Criollos: full blood spanish born in new workd

3. Mistizoses: Married locals -Spanish w/ indian

4. Millados: Mixed races spanish & indians

5. Indians

6. Spanish slaves

Spanish power structure

Operated as provinces instead of colonys

columbian exchange

hemosperic connection making things that weren’t known in one area now are

the dutch

very trade & nauticle heavy nation

new netherlands

epicenter town

france & its empire

french wanting to expand influence, wanted wealthy trading networks

Cartier’s journey

can’t sail to the south bc Spanish is already there

France & Indians

emphasized trade pertnerships, deemphasized settlements bc they wanted outposts

Why british was late to new world

dealt w/ civil war, some royals not interested in over sees exploration, could not find passage to china, & found other ways to make money

Privateering

legalized theft

John cabots exploration

sails accross to new finland

Sir Bernard Drake

explored new found land & attack portuguese ships

Queen Elizabeth 1

granted charters to colonize in new world

Sir walter raleigh

adventurer, soldier w/ alot of enemys. But queen elizabeth approved exploration

Roanoke Colony

1st british settlement in north america, disappear but leave “kroaton” marked on a tree

Internal slavery in Africa

slavery present in Africa used by small nations & large kingdom. Mostly prisoners of war

Growth of translantic slave trade

portuguese started the process, where they give guns & steel to africans to be able to capture more

Slave coast

europeans establish outposts, slavery always existed in Africa

The middle passage

passage that goes across middle of the atlantic. the slave ships take this route

Below decks

most people chained together not knowing each other. Not alot of ventilation, if they are brought on deck some choose to jump overboard

Arriving in New World

worked on plantations producing coffee, tobacco, cocoa, sugar. Worked in silver & gold mines

Triangular trade

Western hemisphere connected to africa. Where manufacture goods made from raw goods used to buy slaves

Human toll

spread of disease, increase in slave hunting, wars in Africa, & more European competition wars

John Smith

went to croatoan island

the virginia company

join-stock company established by James 1. Charted to make settlement

Jamestown

easily defensible with safe access to water. Worried about being attacked by indians. And built in a swamp and backfires

the pilgrims

english religious separitists, left england & emigrated to the netherlands bc pilgrams refuse ro follow anglo saxon church

Plymouth company

held land tract in new england, pilgrims get to worship freely, most oilgrims on mayflower not puritans

Mayflower compact

made a civil politic together

privateers

person or ship commissioned during war

The letter of marque

commission for privateering, allowed holder to capture / attack ships

Why have privateers

raise money for war, permit large income, hurt enemy ships/trade, & help navy

Buccaneer

french, dutch, english hunters, sailors, & freeboothers who raided settlements & ships

End of the buccaneers

lost hunting grounds, prosecuted by british

charles II of spain

died without having children, only heir was 16-year-old grandson

war of spanish succession

fought between british, germans, dutch, portugal against france & spain

Unemployed pirates

no longer privateers bc the war ended, navy & slavery is unpleasent & did not want traditional work

Nassau, new providence island

theifs live there & it’s tuff to navigate too, known as pirate republic, kick of golden age of priacy

Pirate ships

small ships that are fast with narrow frames are preferred, and pirates want to intimidate not fight

Equal voice, equal share

Each man earned a share, agreed to a code of conduct (Pirates code), & protected by reitremet plan

Pirate punishments

marooning ( left on island), thrown overboard (can’t swim bc of sharks), Cat O’ nine tails (whip w/ metal shards), & Keelhauling (thrown overboard & dragged beneath the ship)

Royal pardon

Any pirate for one year can surrender & receive full pardon

Bartholomew “Black Beard” Roberts

most successful pirate, captures 400 ships in 3 years

Scientific revolution

development when scientists begin to reevaluate scientific doctrine

neo-platonism

based off of plato’s belief “looking beyond apperance”

Alchemy

study of minerals (some believed metals turned into gold)

Georgius Agricola

chemistry- published De re Metallica, created pratical basis for metallurgy

Robert Boyle

1st Modern Chemist

Boyle’s law

relationship between pressure & gas volume

Nicolaus Copernicus

Astronomy & physics - was a polymath, argued that earth revolved around sun

Johannes Kepler

Astronomy & Physics - developed field of optics, was a seminarian, inventor,& science fiction writer

Galileo Galilei

Astronomy, Physics, & Mathmatics - Heliocentrism advocate

Sir Isaac Newton

Physics - worked on 1st teloscope, theories about speed, sound, physics, & gravity

Biology & medicine

promoted medical schools & encouraged anatomical study

Francis Bacon

empiricism (knowledge came from senses) & natural philosophy (study of nature w/out supernatural influence)

Blaise Pascal

mathematician, theorist, & writer. Promoted probability theory

Rene Descartes

science is about clear ideas. I think therefore I am

Age of reason

youthism of enlightenment