Human Physiology Exam I

Parillon Fall 2025

Damage to the optic nerve could affect which receptor?

photoreceptors

What is the process transduced from optic receptors?

phototransduction

Name the two processes that increase blood pressure.

basal constriction and increasing blood volume

What is ISPS?

neurotransmitter release results in a hyperpolarization of the post-synaptic membrane

What is EPSE?

neurotransmitter release results in a depolarization of the post-synaptic membrane

What does the prefrontal cortex do?

contains personality, intellect, and complex learning

What does the premotor cortex do?

serves as a memory bank for complex movements

What hormone(s) does the adrenal medulla secrete?

epinephrine and norepinephrine

What hormone(s) does the adrenal cortex secrete?

cortisol

What are the stages of the action potential cycle?

depolarization, repolarization, after-hyperpolarization

What is the function of T3 and T4?

increase basal metabolic rate

What is the function of melatonin?

influences circadian rhythm, induces sleep, protects against free radicals, and inhibits reproductive functions

Where is the receptor in lipid soluble hormones?

nucleus

Where is the receptor in water soluble hormones?

plasma membrane

How do lipid soluble hormones diffuse?

plasma membrane

How do water soluble hormones diffuse?

binding to a receptor

Are lipid soluble hormones hydrophillic or hydrophobic?

hydrophobic

Are water soluble hormones hydrophillic or hydrophobic?

hydrophillic

Where are photoreceptors located in the cerebral cortex?

primary visual cortex

What is the stimulus for photoreceptors?

vision

Which cranial nerve is connected to photoreceptors?

optic nerve (CN II)

Where are touch receptors located in the cerebral cortex?

primary somatosensory cortex

What is the stimulus for touch receptors?

area of skin being stimulated

Which cranial nerve is connected to touch receptors?

sensory neuron

Where are gustatory receptors located in the cerebral cortex?

gustatory cortex

What is the stimulus for gustatory receptors?

tastants

Which cranial nerve(s) are connected to gustatory receptors?

facial nerve (CN VII), glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), vagus nerve (CN X)

Where are olfactory receptors located in the cerebral cortex?

olfactory cortex

What is the stimulus for olfactory receptors?

smell

Which cranial nerve(s) are connected to olfactory receptors?

olfactory nerve (CN I)

Where are sound receptors located in the cerebral cortex?

primary auditory cortex

What is the stimulus for sound receptors?

sound

Which cranial nerve(s) are connected to sound receptors?

vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

Which receptor and nerve senses equilibrium?

sound receptor, vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

Which type of hormone-hormone interaction requires hormone A to be present?

permissive

Which type of hormone-hormone interaction requires BOTH hormones to be present?

synergistic

Which type of hormone-hormone interaction inhibits one another?

antagonistic

What process carries neurotransmitters away from the cell body towards the synapse?

action potential

What does autocrine bind to?

binds to the cell it is secreted from

What does paracrine bind to?

binds to a different cell than it secretes from

If a molecule is not specific for the receptor, will it bind and have an effect?

no

Give an example of a virus that is transported retrograde?

rabies

Which direction does anteriograde go?

from cell body to source cell

What do sensory neurons do?

sense the environment

What do motor neurons do?

cause movement

Which cell can be used to test myelin sheath mimetics?

oligodendrocytes

Which cell can be used to test phagocytosis?

microglia

Which cell can be used to test inhibition of the BBB formation?

astrocytes

Which cell can be used to test the phosphorylation involved in CSF production?

ependymal cells

What is plasticity?

the ability to change throughout life

What is regeneration?

the ability to repair after damage

What is the depolarizing phase?

the rising phase of the action potential

What is the repolarizing phase?

the falling phase of the action potential

What is the after-hyperpolarizing phase?

the undershoot observed after resting membrane potential is reestablished

What are the periods of a muscle twitch?

latent, contraction, and relaxation

Which direction does retrograde go?

from source cell to cell body

Which hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?

growth hormone and ACTH

What do growth hormones cause?

bone growth, soft tissue growth, enhance lipolysis, and decrease glucose uptake

Where is ACTH secreted into?

adrenal cortex

What does cortisol secretion cause?

lipolysis and gluconeogenesis

The adrenal cortex is inside/outside the adrenal gland.

outside

The adrenal medulla is inside/outside the adrenal gland.

inside

How do epinephrine and norepinephrine affect the body?

increases heart rate

Which hormones are secreted by the thyroid gland?

T3, T4, and calcitonin

What does calcitonin do to the body?

decreases blood calcium

What hormone is secreted by the parathyroid gland?

PTH hormone

What does PTH do to the body?

increases blood calcium

Which type of hormone-hormone interaction is calcitonin and PTH?

antagonistic

What is RAA?

renin, angiotestin I, angiotestin II

What causes basal constriction?

RAA

How does RAA increase blood volume?

increases aldosterone

How does aldosterone increase blood volume?

increases Na+ and water reabsorption

What hormones does the pancreas secrete?

insulin and glucagon

How does insulin affect the body?

lowers blood glucose

How does glucagon affect the body?

increases blood glucose

What is GLUT2?

channel protein that transports glucose from cell to blood

What is GLUT 4?

channel protein that transports glucose from blood to cell

Insulin is water-soluble/lipid-soluble.

water soluble

Glucagon is water-soluble/lipid-soluble.

water soluble