UF HUN2201 Vitamins & Minerals

Thiamin chemical form

- vitamin B1; thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP)

Niacin chemical form

NAD; nicotinic acid

Vitamin B12 chemical form

methylcyanocobalamine

Folate chemical form

Methyl tetrahydrafolate (Methyl-THF)

Vitamin C chemical form

Ascorbic acid

Vitamin A chemical form

retinol; retinoic acid

(orange/red pigment)

Vitamin D chemical form

ergocalciferol (plants); cholecalciferol (animals); calcidol (circulating form); calcitrol (active form)

Vitamin E chemical form

Tocopherol

Calcium chemical form

Supplemental forms: calcium citrate malate (CCM), calcium citrate, & calcium carbonate; Form of calcium in 90% of the body: calcium hydroxapatite

Iron chemical form

Heme iron (animals); non-heme iron (plants)

Thiamin function(s)

Coenzyme in energy yielding reactions such as glycolysis (glucose metabolism)

Niacin function(s)

Coenzyme in citric acid cycle as electron carrier; NADH transports H+ ions to ETC; DNA repair

Folate function(s)

Homocysteine metabolism; methylation reactions; DNA/RNA synthesis; fetal development

Vitamin C function(s)

Antioxidant (works closely with vitamin E by giving it an electron); iron metabolism (gives iron an electron to change it to Fe2+, ferrous state)

Vitamin A function(s)

Transported in lipoproteins; needed for vision, immune system, & growth; antioxidant

Vitamin D function(s)

7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin, released as cholecalciferol in sunlight, liver hydroxilates it to be circulating form (calcidol); low calcium in the blood causes PTH to travel to kidney which hydroxylates it to be active form (calcitrol); functions = calcium absorption & bone materialization

Vitamin E function(s)

Important in cell membranes (stops free radicals from stealing electrons from cell membranes by getting electrons from vitamin C & giving it to the free radicals); antioxidant; important in the lungs

Vitamin K function(s)

Blood clotting (activation of clotting factors); bone proteins

Calcium function(s)

Makes bones hard; second messenger for heart contraction; resistance factor in BP

Iron function(s)

Forms hemoglobin (functions in RBCs; Hb transports O2 from lungs to tissues)

Zinc function(s)

Antioxidant; collagen synthesis; growth; gene expression; cofactor

Iodide/Iodine function(s)

Thyroid hormones

Sodium function(s)

Fluid balance; nerve transmission; muscle contraction; BP increases via sodium retention with the release of renin

Potassium function(s)

Regulates BP; important electrolyte with exercise & excess sweating; Na+/K+ pump

Thiamin deficiency/ symptoms/ diseases

Beriberi: edema, neurologic symptoms

Wernicke's Encephalopathy (in alcoholics)

Niacin deficiency/ symptoms/ diseases

Allegra: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death (the 4 D's)

Vitamin B12 deficiency/ symptoms/ diseases

Macrocytic anemia: large RBCs with twice the DNA; have fewer & larger RBCs

Pernicious anemia: nerve damage from not synthesizing myelin

Folate deficiency/ symptoms/ diseases

Neural tube defect = Spinabifida: neural tube closes about 3 weeks after conception (unless lacking folate)

Macrocytic anemia

Vitamin C deficiency/ symptoms/ diseases

Deficiency symptoms: bleeding gums, petechiae (pin-point hemorrhages), ruptured blood vessels

Scurvy

Vitamin A deficiency/ symptoms/ diseases

Night blindness; can evolve into Xeropthalmia (blindness)

Bitot's spot: keratinization of the eyes

Vitamin D deficiency/ symptoms/ diseases

Rickets: legs bowing due to soft bones; greenstick fracture (not complete bone break, but partial)

Osteomalasia (elderly people)

Vitamin E deficiency/ symptoms/ diseases

Hemolytic anemia (newborns)

Vitamin E supplementation causes early mortality

Vitamin K deficiency/ symptoms/ diseases

Hemophilia: increased prothrombin time (PTT), ecchymosis (bruising)

Calcium deficiency/ symptoms/ diseases

Osteoporosis: collagen of bone lacks the calcium fortification it needs

Iron deficiency/ symptoms/ diseases

Anemia, fatigue, weakness, headache, irritability

Zinc deficiency/ symptoms/ diseases

"Dwarfism"

Sodium deficiency/ symptoms/ diseases

Hyponatremia

Hypertension

toxicity = kidney disease, stroke, heart attack/ failure --> pressure/ damage on blood volume (BV)

Potassium deficiency/ symptoms/ diseases

Dehydration

Thiamin groups at risk

alcoholics; bariatric patients

Vitamin B12 groups at risk

Bariatric patients

Vitamin C groups at risk

Sailors in non-tropical areas that were not provided fruit

Vitamin A groups at risk

Pregnant women cautious of toxicities (too much vitamin A can lead to birth defects); Leading areas of childhood blindness = Africa, India, Asia

Vitamin D groups at risk

Toddlers; people living far from the equator where sunlight is weaker; in areas where milk is not fortified with vitamin D; elderly people

Vitamin E groups at risk

Newborns; supplementation increases risk of early mortality & lung cancer (in smokers)

Calcium groups at risk

9-16yo because building storage for calcium reservoir in the skeleton during this time

Sodium groups at risk

People that exercise a lot, sweat a lot, or drink a lot of water; infants

Potassium groups at risk

Kidney disease

Thiamin role in health

"Banana bag" in ER

Niacin role in health

Nicotinic acid can be used theraputically in a pharmacological dose to help decrease triglycerides & increase HDL

Folate role in health

Prevent neural tube defect within 3 weeks of conception

Vitamin C role in health

Helps improve immune system (supports immune system); does NOT cure the common cold

Vitamin A role in health

Lycopene (watermelon) & Beta carotene (tomatoes), more effective as an antioxidant once cooked;

Golden rice

Vitamin D role in health

UV lamp therapy where sunlight is weaker to prevent toddlers from getting Rickets

Vitamin K role in health

bones; blood clotting

Calcium role in health

bone mineral density

Iron role in health

Males: 8mg/day

Females: 18mg/day

Sodium role in health

Increases BP (55% sodium sensitive)

(BP = HR x SV x R)

Thiamin main food sources

pork, fortified cereals, grains

Niacin main food sources

fortified cereals, grains

Vitamin B12 main food sources

Meat, fish, poultry (75%); fortified cereals

Folate main food sources

Fortified cereals, orange juice, green leafy veggies, enriched

Vitamin C main food sources

Peppers, citrus (orange juice), strawberries

Vitamin A main food sources

carrots, pumpkin, sweet potato, cod liver oil

Vitamin D main food sources

Cod liver oil, catfish, eggs, oysters, salmon, fortified milk

Vitamin E main food sources

Fortified cereals, plant oils, nuts

Vitamin K main food sources

Green leafy veggies, black eyed peas, spinach, broccoli

Calcium main food sources

dairy products (cow's milk)

Iron main food sources

Meat, fish, poultry, fortified cereals

Zinc main food sources

Oysters, fortified cereals, beef, pork

Sodium main food sources

pizza, processed foods, canned meats, soups

Potassium main food sources

Bananas, spinach, tomatoes, potatoes, milk