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Statistics
The study of collecting, analyzing, interpreting, presenting, and organizing data.
Variable
Any characteristic, number, or quantity that can be measured or counted.
Random number table
A table used to generate random numbers for statistical sampling.
Probability
The measure of the likelihood that an event will occur.
Individuals
The objects described by a set of data, such as people, animals, or things.
Inferential statistics
Techniques that allow us to use samples to make generalizations about a population.
Population
The entire set of individuals or items that we are interested in studying.
Stratified sampling
A sampling method that involves dividing a population into subgroups and taking samples from each.
Systematic sampling
A sampling method where you select every nth individual from a list or queue.
Cluster sampling
A sampling technique where entire groups or clusters are chosen at once.
Descriptive statistics
Statistics that summarize or describe the characteristics of a dataset.
Simple random sampling
A sampling method where each individual has an equal chance of being selected.
Sample data
A subset of a population used to represent the group being studied.
Qualitative variable
A variable that can be placed into categories but not measured numerically.
Quantitative variable
A variable that can be measured and expressed as a number.
Descriptive statistic
A statistic that summarizes data from a sample.
Inferential statistic
A statistic that makes inferences about the population based on sample data.
Observational study
A study where the researcher observes and collects data without manipulating any variables.
Experimental study
A study where the researcher manipulates one or more variables to observe the effect on another variable.
Sample
A subset of the population that is selected for analysis.
Census
A complete count of all individuals in a population.
Biased statement
A statement that favors a particular outcome or perspective.
Unbiased statement
A statement that is objective and does not favor any side.
Hidden response
A response that is not directly observable or may be concealed.
Ogive
A graph that represents the cumulative frequency for the classes in a frequency distribution.
Histogram
A graphical representation of the distribution of numerical data.
Dot plot
A simple graphical display that uses dots to show the frequency of values.
Circle pie graph
A circular graph divided into slices to illustrate numerical proportions.
Relative frequency histogram
A histogram where the height of each bar represents the relative frequency of each interval.
Stem and leaf display
A method of displaying quantitative data in a graphical format.
Bar graph
A chart that presents categorical data with rectangular bars.
Bell curve
The graphical representation of a normal distribution.
Skewed left
A distribution that has a longer tail on the left side.
Skewed right
A distribution that has a longer tail on the right side.
Uniform distribution
A distribution in which all outcomes are equally likely.
Bimodal distribution
A distribution with two different modes or peaks.
Comb distribution
A distribution that has multiple distinct peaks.
n
Sample size symbol (μ,Σ,x̄,σ)
σ
Population standard deviation symbol (μ,Σ,x̄,σ)
s2
Sample variance symbol (μ,Σ,x̄,σ)
x̄
Sample mean symbol (μ,Σ,x̄,σ)
N
Population size symbol (μ,Σ,x̄,σ)
s
Sample standard deviation symbol (μ,Σ,x̄,σ)
Σ
Summation symbol (μ,Σ,x̄,σ)
μ
Population mean symbol (μ,Σ,x̄,σ)
r
Correlation coefficient symbol (μ,Σ,x̄,σ)
a
Slope symbol (μ,Σ,x̄,σ)
b
y intercept symbol (μ,Σ,x̄,σ)
y=mx+b
Regression line formula (μ,Σ,x̄,σ)
R2
Coefficient of determination symbol (μ,Σ,x̄,σ)
1-R2
Coefficient of alienation (μ,Σ,x̄,σ)