Statistics Semester 1 exam review

Statistics

The study of collecting, analyzing, interpreting, presenting, and organizing data.

Variable

Any characteristic, number, or quantity that can be measured or counted.

Random number table

A table used to generate random numbers for statistical sampling.

Probability

The measure of the likelihood that an event will occur.

Individuals

The objects described by a set of data, such as people, animals, or things.

Inferential statistics

Techniques that allow us to use samples to make generalizations about a population.

Population

The entire set of individuals or items that we are interested in studying.

Stratified sampling

A sampling method that involves dividing a population into subgroups and taking samples from each.

Systematic sampling

A sampling method where you select every nth individual from a list or queue.

Cluster sampling

A sampling technique where entire groups or clusters are chosen at once.

Descriptive statistics

Statistics that summarize or describe the characteristics of a dataset.

Simple random sampling

A sampling method where each individual has an equal chance of being selected.

Sample data

A subset of a population used to represent the group being studied.

Qualitative variable

A variable that can be placed into categories but not measured numerically.

Quantitative variable

A variable that can be measured and expressed as a number.

Descriptive statistic

A statistic that summarizes data from a sample.

Inferential statistic

A statistic that makes inferences about the population based on sample data.

Observational study

A study where the researcher observes and collects data without manipulating any variables.

Experimental study

A study where the researcher manipulates one or more variables to observe the effect on another variable.

Sample

A subset of the population that is selected for analysis.

Census

A complete count of all individuals in a population.

Biased statement

A statement that favors a particular outcome or perspective.

Unbiased statement

A statement that is objective and does not favor any side.

Hidden response

A response that is not directly observable or may be concealed.

Ogive

A graph that represents the cumulative frequency for the classes in a frequency distribution.

Histogram

A graphical representation of the distribution of numerical data.

Dot plot

A simple graphical display that uses dots to show the frequency of values.

Circle pie graph

A circular graph divided into slices to illustrate numerical proportions.

Relative frequency histogram

A histogram where the height of each bar represents the relative frequency of each interval.

Stem and leaf display

A method of displaying quantitative data in a graphical format.

Bar graph

A chart that presents categorical data with rectangular bars.

Bell curve

The graphical representation of a normal distribution.

Skewed left

A distribution that has a longer tail on the left side.

Skewed right

A distribution that has a longer tail on the right side.

Uniform distribution

A distribution in which all outcomes are equally likely.

Bimodal distribution

A distribution with two different modes or peaks.

Comb distribution

A distribution that has multiple distinct peaks.

n

Sample size symbol (μ,Σ,x̄,σ)

σ

Population standard deviation symbol (μ,Σ,x̄,σ)

s2

Sample variance symbol (μ,Σ,x̄,σ)

x̄

Sample mean symbol (μ,Σ,x̄,σ)

N

Population size symbol (μ,Σ,x̄,σ)

s

Sample standard deviation symbol (μ,Σ,x̄,σ)

Σ

Summation symbol (μ,Σ,x̄,σ)

μ

Population mean symbol (μ,Σ,x̄,σ)

r

Correlation coefficient symbol (μ,Σ,x̄,σ)

a

Slope symbol (μ,Σ,x̄,σ)

b

y intercept symbol (μ,Σ,x̄,σ)

y=mx+b

Regression line formula (μ,Σ,x̄,σ)

R2

Coefficient of determination symbol (μ,Σ,x̄,σ)

1-R2

Coefficient of alienation (μ,Σ,x̄,σ)